The Cause And Consequence Of Boredom Nursing Essay

The Cause And Consequence Of Boredom adjudge EssayThe purpose of this independent cartoon is to identify a affair bea of my choice namely The Cause and Consequence of Boredom An exploratory register of Patients Perceptions inwardly a Psychiatric In diligent role Unit. A rationale go away be given for the chosen effect, a literary productions critical polish leave alone be carried prohibited and a seek Proposal formulated.This see leave behind explore the concept of tedium and the factors surrounding this issue, such as the causes, consequences and solutions from a unhurrieds perspective. These factors get bulge let on constitute my schooling come incomes. On completion of the essay I should be adequate to(p) to demonstrate a better apprehension on the stem of tediousness and from critically evaluating the books de spot boost a more than in-depth cognition of the causal factors, the b lowly it has on patients and the notifyed solutions to the proble m identify in spite of appearance the books. Additionally, on completion of the assignment I forget defend gained knowledge in writing an academic essay, thoroughly seeking a topic utilizing critical outline of academic literature and completing a look proposal thus achieving the stated break throughcomes. In completing a learning contract this give improve my incentive to focus on my essay and formulate and develop realistic aims and endpoints. In a dramaing field carried out by Wai-chi Chan Wai-tong (2000) it was found that a learning contract could improve students indecorum and control over learning and increased motivation and sharing in learning.The rationale for choosing the topic is that as a student inwardly an sub subtle psychiatric admission hospital hospital ward I frequently encounter patients who murmur of tiresomeness, and some of the reasons they stated were, having nothing to do, confinement to the ward, nothing going on indoors the ward, nothin g in common with different patients, amongst other comprehend attri tho qualified factors. This prompted me to conceptualise about the legitimacy of their complaints and learn whether the ward surround was in fact hindering or promoting the patients recovery. Craig Power (2010) play ups the problem of ennui indoors smashing ward settings and the notion that it is bad for the patients recovery and that remediational disturbance tailored to their need should be considered. Similarly, Binnema (2004) suggests that to cut off blaseom and stir the patients experience psychological, physical and personal factors which include therapeutic activities, exercise, physical health, fiscal and ho using issues should be addressed during the patients hospital stay. Additionally, in consideration of the ward environs I realised that it was rather drab and space was passing limited. Within the ward there is a large sidereal dayroom where social encounters distaff genital organ oc cur, b arly it is not conducive to enabling single(a) or free radicaling therapeutic interventions due to the common use of the facilities. Dijkstrak, Pieterse Pruyn (2006) suggest that there is enquiry to support the notion that the healthc be surround fanny make a difference to the patients recovery. It is then important to consider this when supporting patients therapy and recovery.Consequently, it is important for shields operative within an acute environment to consider solution to these problems. Binnema (2004) purports that if nurses had a discipline intellectual of the concept of tedium, it would support them to enhance their competency to provide a more enhanced therapeutic environment. Therefore, Nurses prolong a pivotal routine to play in meliorate both the therapeutic relationship with patients whilst ensuring that the environment is conducive to recovery.From a professional perspective, the De showcasement of Health (2002) published a policy on adult ac ute yardbird commission purvey in which they highlighted that high levels of interaction in the midst of staff and patients within the ward environment reduce tiresomeness. Furthermore, they stressed that in response to a deficit of research on acute inpatient care there was a need for research in the effectiveness of acute services. Binnema (2004) also highlight that m each psychiatric patients experience tediousness and need the opportunity to call for therapeutically within the hospital environment, and indicate therefore that there is a necessity for further research of this concept.A concept map leave behind be utilized to generate ideas and enable focus and structure within this essay. Concept maps can be used by students to both gain new knowledge and utilize forward knowledge breaking it discomfit into ideas and put the reading in order thus make spirit of it and the connotations between and among the concepts (Hinck, Sims-Giddens et al, 2006). The central them e within the concept is Boredom, and this is illustrated along with the sub-themes in (appendix 1). The concept map constructed has particular reference to boredom within an acute psychiatric setting which has been shown to warrant further investigation.Literature ReviewThe literature review was performed winning cognizance of the research topic chosen. Cormack (2000) highlights the importance of carrying out a critical review of what has been known previously within the literature in order to prepare the ground for new research. A literature search was carried utilizing keywords such as boredom, acute care, psychiatric inpatients, acute psychic health, therapeutic environment, acute mental health nursing. A systematic review was carried out within academic journals relating to the topic by accessing entropybases such as EBSCOhost, CINAHL Plus with Full Tex, Ovid, Science Direct, Wiley InterScience, IngentaConnect, to uncover relevant literature pertaining to the subject area an d to retrieve up-to-date studies to elucidate what research had already been carried and the value of carrying out further research.To understand the concept of boredom it pull up s pass ons be of receipts to review the definition within the literature. Kass et al (2001) support the view that boredom proneness as a 3-dimensional concept and point out that the literature lacks differentiation between boredom as a mark or a state, but that numerous writers suggest a sign between situational and dispositional boredom. This would therefore pose a dilemma for police detectives in proposing a solution to the problem. It is of no surprise therefore that concept of boredom has been fill from different perspectives and by diverse factions. Dahlenthe, Martin, Ragan et al (2004) state that boredom has generated a great deal of research in education, psychology, organizational behaviour, accident legal community and medicine.Anderson (2005) defines boredom as the death of centre. Fahl man et al (2009) support this belief but are more conservative in their view suggesting it is a lack of meaning and purpose. Barbalet (1999, p.637) further describes boredom as a type or form of anxiety about the lack of meaningfulness of an action, a condition, and (possibly) a life. These beliefs would suggest that boredom has a significant dispositional component. In demarcation, Todman (2003, p.147) describes boredom as an hot state that is invariably accompanied by attributions of environmental sameness, which would imply that it whitethorn be attributed to situational factors. As already stated boredom is a multidimensional concept numerous of which are too complex to address within this essay but those already described can offer a clearer understanding of the concept, that there whitethorn be both psychological and environmental components to boredom.Martin, Sadlo Stew (2006) state that modern philosophers are of the opinion that boredom may arise from over-stimulation rather than monotony which originated from ancient times and attribute this to puniness in the modern world. Whereas some studies harbor suggested that boredom is a matter of enforced idleness (Meehan, McIntosh Bergen, 2006). These beliefs would advocate that the origins of boredom may be attributed to environmental factors. Fahlaman et al (2009) scram described the relationship between the experience of boredom and negative affect which denotes a psychological phenomenon. It is therefore valid to consider that these could apply a significant impact on the behaviour of a patient within an acute inpatient ward. It ordain be of affaire to compare these concepts with the findings from the experiences of the patients within an acute inpatient setting.It is important to consider the impact of boredom within an inpatient setting regard little of the cause. There are significant similarities described within the literature. Beer et al (2001) purport that the negative consequences o f overstimulation within acute psychiatric ward settings are violence and aggression. In contrast Stein Wilkinson (2007) attribute these behaviours to under stimulation. merely, Khan et al (1987) suggests that low stimulus within the environment is known to decrease psychotic symptoms in the individual. Bracke (2004) associates the cooking of reciprocateing activities with the reduction of boredom. This would imply that involvement in activities of interest to the individual is a significant factor in reducing boredom. In contemplating these views the consequences are varied and complex and could pose a dilemma within an acute ward setting. Consequently it would appear that individual factors would require to be taken report card of when considering the solutions to the problem.On searching the literature it was found that there was a dearth of studies on the do of boredom within a healthcare setting. However, three studies were found where the tecs carried out research wi thin an acute care psychiatric environment, a high-secure rhetorical setting and a day activity program in rehabilitation centres in which boredom emerged as a concept of both environmental and individual characteristics of participants in the first both studies, and in the third the determinants of boredom were primarily studied which showed that both environmental and individual factors played a part. These depart be discussed respectively taking account of Polit et al (2001) method of critiquing research articles namely, methodological, ethical and interpretive dimensions, and will take account of their relevance to the Research Proposal. get hold of OneShattell, Andes doubting Thomas (2008) carried out a theme which was specifically to ask inpatients within a 30 bedded ward, what stands out to them within the hospital environment. A phenomenological admission was utilized in order to acquire direct experiences from patients. 10 patients and 9 nurses took part. Patients dia gnosis varied namely personality ailment, depression, substance abuse, bipolar, anxiety disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. Their ethnical background was also varied. astutely psychotic patients were excluded. There were also several(a) therapeutic activities available within the ward environment. Nurse participants were all female also from various ethnic backgrounds. respectable factors were considered and aware consent was sought and approved by the sponsoring university.Phenomenological interviews were carried out to gain rich experiences of the participants, and participants were encouraged to elaborate if they wished on the topic. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Themes were generated from meaning units. The vigour of the ponder was enhanced by presenting the information to the research group who interpreted the data and lastized the thematic structure.Findings showed that experiences of both nurses and patients were similar. Both felt the effect of confinement to the ward and nurses agreed with patients that there was a lack of nurse/patient communication. Rules appeared restrictive to both and intimidating. Participants also highlighted the lack of interaction between nurses and patients. There were general feelings of powerlessness, mistrust which resulted in feelings of panic and agitation. Both nurses and patients questioned the ability of the hospital to help patients namely not addressing their illness effectively and patients cosmos assigned to inappropriate groups. Workload was also a factor for nursing staff.One of the briny themes which emerged was boredom and many attributed this to the locked door environment. The main outcome of the athletic field was the lack of meaningful closeness between nurses and patients and the environment hindered the therapeutic relationship. The authors stated that this echoed previous studies.Study 2Meehan et al (2006) carried out a study within a high security inpat ient forensic setting. This study focussed on the reasons for aggressive behaviour of patients. Two wards took part 23 bedded high intensity and 23 bedded low intensity long term unit. 22 male and 5 female inpatients took part and 85% had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. 5 focus groups were conducted by an independent researcher and semi-structured interviews were carried out with a list of questions. Spontaneous feedback was encouraged. The try out was chosen by inviting people to participate through advertisements within wards. Inpatients of less than 3 months or those with acute symptoms were excluded. The study was approved by the homosexual Research Ethics Committee within the organization. Data was transcribed and check up on by a group moderator to chink accuracy and authentication. Content analysis was utilized to transcribe the data and they were reviewed several times to generate units of information, claim a set of preliminary categories and cluster these into themes. T hese were carried out by twain members of the research team who compared and discussed these before reaching an agreement on the final set of these.The main themes generated were the environment, empty days, staff interactions, medication issues and personal characteristics of the patient themselves. Lack of space and prolonged confinement and ignorance of these factors by the staff were main issues. All participants highlighted that boredom was a source of frustration and cancellation of patient activities was a factor. The environment was seen as controlling rather than therapeutic. A lack of understanding and empathy was also identified. The main solutions identified to resolve these was to ensure early intervention to incidents that occurred, change in staff attitudes and provision of therapeutic activities to relieve boredom which was perceived to be the biggest problem within the unit.Study 3Bracke et al (2006) carried out a study within Rehabilitation Centres and it focused on the conceptualization of boredom exploring some of its determinants. The study tested some hypotheses, and multilevel analysis was utilized to elucidate the contextual and individual determinants of boredom. The participants comprised of a hit-or-miss adjudicate of 646 clients and an average sample of each was chosen. Clients were excluded due to lack of information of key variables. 63% were men with varying levels of educational attainment with a mean age of 44 years. Other demographic information i.e. age, married view, housing and previous receipt of residential psychiatric care was considered. A survey utilizing a structured questionnaire was carried out and clients experiences of boredom were measured utilizing a Likert scale. Reliability was measured by questioning respondents outside the centre. Variances were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. Independent variables were also measured e.g. degree or routinization, complexity, closeness of supervision and the constitutional and extrinsic value of task was coded on a Likert-type scale. Other tools were utilized to measure mental health status (Global severity Index), the Brief Symptom Index and finally age sexual activity and education were used as control variables.Data was analysed by expression at associations between the experience of boredom and features of the rehabilitation centre. The findings led to the speculation that several characteristics of the day activity programs cause boredom, mainly task characteristics and reward structures. Findings showed that clients were significantly less bored during participation in rehabilitation programs. However programs that led to highly routinized tasks led more easily to experiences of boredom. Tasks with high intrinsic rewards reduced boredom. Clients with particular characteristics were found to be more easily bored i.e. older clients, educated persons experience more feelings of boredom and boredom is more prevalent among people re porting more intense psychiatric complaints.Study ComparisonsThese three studies were considered from various perspectives and utilizing different research methods. all(prenominal) was robust in terms of validity and reliability utilizing quantitative and qualitative methodologies. There were commonalities within each of the research studies namely, the interests of patients within their respective healthcare environments and how experiences such as space, surroundings, activity levels, relationships, health state, interactions, and individual characteristics all played a part in precipitating boredom. Ethical dimensions was considered in the first two studies but absent within the third which is a weakness as there was no indication of client informed consent or that it was subject to scrutiny from an ethics committee to ensure that it caused no harm to the client. Each study either highlighted limitations or generalizability which would indicate that the findings may not be truly representative in respect of populations within other healthcare setting. The research proposal submitted within this independent study will potentially add to the body of research already available within the literature.Research ProposalThe overall aim of the study is to identify the meaning of boredom within an acute mental health inpatient setting, and clarify the personal effects boredom on patients during their inpatient stay. This will help critically appraise the consequences of boredom on patient behaviour and assist in making recommendations on how to alleviate boredom from patients perspective. Therefore, primary research will be utilized to facilitate the critical evaluation of boredom against the literature review and make recommendations on facilitating change within an acute inpatient environment that will improve patient outcomes in relation to alleviating boredom. An in-depth study of the literature has been undertaken which will support the analysis of data utiliz ing a case study approach.Within the context of the Cause and Effect of Boredom within a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit this research study aims to focus on a return of objectivesDefine the term Boredom.Explore patients perceptions of the cause and effects of boredom during their inpatient stay.Critically evaluate the consequences of boredom on patient behaviour.Make recommendations on alleviating boredom from a patients perspective.Research Approach uncreated empirical data will be collected utilizing a case study approach. This will allow the researcher to carry out an in-depth study and gain knowledge of patients experiences of boredom and the effect this has on their day to day functioning within the ward. Polit Beck (2010) suggest that case studies provide a riches of information to enable the researcher to examine relationships between different phenomena. This will afford the researcher the opportunity to examine the relationship between boredom, its causes and consequences. I t will also allow the opportunity for patients to express their views on the impact of boredom on them as individuals and provide valuable insights into this phenomenonResearch StrategyThis study will be carried out using qualitative data assembly techniques and analysis. The case study approach adopted will allow the researcher to look real life situations (Descombe 2007). The collection of data from patients will stand to the real-world views about boredom from an individual perspective.The case study will be approached from a phenomenological perspective. Schwandt (2001) informs that phenomenology affords the respondents the opportunity to voice their day to day experiences. This can be done by using these experiences to elicit data from the transcripts which may have been tape-recorded, and by formulating meaning from the words transcribed, add to the understanding of the experience (Morse, 1994). render SelectionSampling is important because it reproduces the characteristics of the defined population (Porter Carter, 2000).A resolute sample will be utilized for this study as participants will be obtained from a cohort of patients within an acute psychiatric ward. purposive sampling is best used for this type of study as it enables the researcher to gain direct expert knowledge and experience of the topic being studied (Rehm, 2010). The patients within the acute ward will be able to provide first-hand knowledge of their experiences of boredom.The study participants will comprise of representatives from an acute inpatient psychiatric ward. All patients who are willing and psychologically able will have the opportunity to take part. There will be no exclusions as all experiences from all patients are relevant. It is anticipated that those patients who are sharply unwell are unlikely to volunteer. The study will be advertize on the ward notice board. The ward population comprises of approximately 24 patients. These participants represent inpatients that have variable psychiatric diagnosis and all should be representative of the population of other acute psychiatric inpatient wards. The sample has been chosen to provide quality of data from knowledgeable patients who are able to articulate their feelings about boredom. Burns Grove (2007) express that it requires few participants in a qualitative study in order to achieve intensiveness of data which is rich in content.Data Collection TechniquesEmpirical data will be gathered to explore the concept of boredom and critically analyse its causes and consequences in relation to patients within an acute psychiatric ward. Recommendations on how to alleviate boredom from the patients perspective will also be generated from the data. The most suitable data collection technique will therefore be Focus Group interviews. These will be carried out in groups of 6 and the number of Focus Groups will be dependent on the number of volunteers participating. An devote-ended interviewing technique w ill be utilized to enable the patients to freely articulate their views.Moule Goodman (2008) highlight that using focus groups to acquire this type of data have the benefit of being less time consuming and participants may contribute more within a group situation. In plus Focus Groups are of benefit when dealing with sensitive information, however they can lead to group think where the more vocal members of the group handle more influence over what is said (Speziale work 2007). The groups will therefore require an expert facilitator to ensure that all participants have the opportunity to take part. The sessions will be audio-taped to provide a more comprehensive account of the patients individual views, as well as a collective description (Bryman Bell, 2003). This avoids writing field notes and allows the researcher to observe the groups non-verbal communication, as well as concentrate on the subject matter.Data AnalysisThe researcher will code the data to find patterns and e xtract and formulate themes that emerge from the transcript. This is a form of thematic analysis described by Holloway Wheeler (2002). Speziale Carpenter (2007) purport that to gain knowledge of the data an in-depth structured analysis is necessary.Ethical IssuesEthical issues such as harm to participants, lack of informed consent, silence and lie should be considered when carrying out a study (Bryman Bell, 2003). The benefits of utilising themes will be that the researcher can analyse the data to eliminate bias, to ensure that it is factual, open and honest. To further eliminate bias two researchers will analyse the data, hash out the narrative and generate themes which emerge. Furthermore, this will enhance the validity and reliability of the data. To reduce the possibility of disclosure of data the information will be unploughed in a locked cabinet. To ensure confidentiality is respected as much as possible, participants should be reminded not to disclose information from the group in other settings (Holloway Wheeler, 2002). Adequate information will be given to participants about the study and they should be informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time if they wish (Newll Burnard, 2006). All participants will require signing an informed consent form in order to participate. An information leaflet will be given to each participant highlighting the purpose of the study. Creswell (1998) suggests that this protects against deception of the purpose and nature of the study. The researcher will seek approval prior to commencement of the study through the Research Ethics committee to ensure that a strict ethical code of conduct is adhered to. This is important when patients are included within a study (Newell Burnard, 2006).ConclusionIn conclusion, the topic of boredom was successfully explored within this the literature and valuable learning of the causes and consequences of boredom have been gained. I have learned from carrying out this i ndependent study and by reviewing the literature that nurses have a vital role to play in alleviating boredom within acute settings and the benefits of building on research that has already been done. I now have a better understanding of those clients who have voiced that they are bored within the ward and the many different reasons for this. In addition I have learned how to think critically about a topic, and it has raised my awareness of the underlying principles of research and the benefits and limitations of different approaches. Furthermore, I am able to understand how to utilise various methods of research to study a phenomena, and the differences between quantitative and qualitative data. The knowledge I have acquired from critiquing literature and formulating a Research Proposal has elongate my knowledge base about the topic chosen by improving my knowledge of research, will enable me to improve nursing practice and patient outcomes. By working in collaboration with my lec turer I have been able to build my confidence in carrying out this independent study due to the support and encouragement I have received during consultations. My time-management and organisational skills have improved by carrying out this research and I have sour more structured in undertaking academic work. Although I have had much support, I have learned to work more individually which has enabled me to gain more confidence in carrying out further research in the future as a mental health nurse and educator.