Water Irrigation Systems In India Environmental Sciences Essay

peeing Irrigation Systems In India Environmental Sciences EssayWater is the most distributed message on our planet. It is available in different comes e actuallywhere and plays an important parting in the surrounding environment and human life. By repenny estimates the earths hydrosphere contains a large amount of wet of about 1,386 million cubic kilometers. However, 97.5 per penny of this amount is saline piss and only 2.5 per centime is fresh irrigate. The majuscule portion of the fresh irrigate (68.70%) is in the shape of ice and steadfast snow c over in the Antarctic, the Artic, and Mountains regions. Only 0.26 per cent of the total amount of fresh pee on the earth is concentrated in lakes, reservoirs, and river governing bodys. They argon most accessible for economic needs and very important for peeing eco outlines. Agriculture sector requires more irrigation pissing supply comp atomic number 18d to industry and national sectors. especially in developing coun tries the consumption of irrigation water system was more than 90 per cent.Irrigation in IndiaIndias irrigation development in this century and particularly after independence has seen twist of large storage based frame all by the organization effort and money. However, in pre-British period in India, there were pr twistically no large reservoir projects. Even in British period, a some storage structures were build only in the beginning of this century. Post self-sustaining India however has seen more than 60 per cent of irrigation budgets going for major and pip-squeak projects. Indian evokes stir final paymentn over total office of prep, finish making, finance, construction, doing and maintenance of subsisting and future irrigation projects of all sizes.Indias irrigated agriculture has been of import to its economic development and poverty alleviation. About 18.00 per cent of Indias gross domestic product and 67.00 per cent of employment is based on agriculture. A griculture is the elemental source of livelihood in rural ara, which accounts for 75.00 per cent of Indias population and 80.00 per cent of its poor. And, in turn, irrigation is the base for about 56.00 per cent. Considering these aspects of agriculture, Government of India has undertaken construction of major and underage irrigation projects in India. that, these projects have failed in equitable distribution of water resources passim the country.Irrigation in KarnatakaThe Karnataka state is the eighth largest state in the country and it is regain in the Deccan plateau. The geographical empyrean of state is 1,90,498 sq km accounting for 5.8 per cent of the total domain of a function of the country. The clime of state varies from very humid wet monsoonal climate in the west coast, the ghats and malnad areas to semi-arid warm dry climate on the east. There is a large variation in the rainfall with high amounts in the Western Ghats and reducing towards the eastern plains. A long the coastal Dakshina Kannada regularise, the traffic pattern rainfall is about 4000 mm while in the drought devoted districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Bellary etc., the rainfall is of the order of 500 mm to 600 mm. The average annual refund of the rivers of the Karnataka has been roughly estimated as 98,406 M.CUM (3,475 TMC).Agriculture being the main occupation of the state, irrigation plays terminal significant role in obtaining amplifyd yields from the land. The development of irrigation in the state was slow and un bodyatic during the pre-independence era. However, there was some notable irrigation works undertaken and finished during the pre-independence, such as Krishna Raja Sagar, Vijayanagar canals, Cauvery anicut channels, Gokak canal, Vanivilas Sagar, Markonahalli and Anjanapur. Though major projects like Tungabhadra, Bhadra, and Ghataprabha stage-I were commenced antecedent to the plan period, their progress was low and got impetus only after their inclusion i n the first five year plan.River systems of Karnataka and water resourcesKarnataka has seven river systems, videlicet Krishna, Cauvery, Godavary, West flowing rivers, North Pennar, South Pennar, and Palar. It is estimated that the economically utilized water for irrigation is about 1695 TMC, excluding ground water.The total net sown area in the state is 107 hundred thousand ha including rainfed irrigated area of 46 lakh ha. It is inform that the balance irrigation potential from all sources excluding rainfed irrigation has been estimated as about 61 lakh ha comprising 35 lakh ha under major and medium irrigations, 10 lakh ha from minor irrigation using surface water and 16 lakh ha from ground water.The Tungabhadhra ProjectThe Tungabhadhra Dam is built across Tungabhadra river near Mallapura village about 5 kms from Hospet town. The name Tungabhadra is derived from reduplicate rivers Tunga and Bhadra, which originate in Varaha Parvata in Western Ghats and join at Kudali village in Shimoga district. The Tungabhadra Project was fall outed during the year 1945 as a junction venture by the Governments of Madras and Hyderabad. At the time of responsibilitys reorganization, the project came over to Karnataka state.In Karnataka, it is intended to irrigate an area of 3.63 lakh hectares in Bellary, Raichur and Koppal districts under this project. The ultimate irrigation potential of Tungabhadra project is 3.63 lakh hectares. About 3.52 lakh hectares have been create up to end of March 2006. democratic Irrigation counseling (PIM)PIM is not a new concept in India and topically managed irrigation systems are centuries old. They existed long earlier but they have been forgotten as the years rolled by and with the advent of the British regime and contraction of major irrigation projects. In antique and medieval India, small irrigation schemes were entirely managed by lifters. As early as third century B.C. the Kautilya Arthashastrta enunciated the principles of democratic irrigation instruction. In second century A.D. in Tamilnadu, the Chola king built the Grand Anicut across the Cauvery river in the delta area and it was locally managed system till it was taken over by the British in 1799. Similarly, the Vijayanagar canals built by the Vijayanagar empire (13th to 16th century) as river diversion across the Tungabhadra river were entirely and ideally farmer managed.During the British period, many canal irrigation systems were built to ward off the havocs and distresses of famines in India. All these irrigation systems were entirely Government managed through the suppose Irrigation Department from top to bottom. Thus, the irrigation instruction became the exclusive responsibility of the State Irrigation Department.The concept of irrigation steering is as much an organizational and social responsibility of the irrigators has been ignored with the need to increase agriculture productivity. Governments (Centre and State) embarked upon am bitious and major irrigation projects and they are all Governments managed. In this process, the past success of farmers in managing their own irrigation system was forgotten.The administration of such projects has not been able to enforce water confine efficiently. Even if they are enforced, the legal mechanisms against the violators are also very weak. The ill of large scale irrigation projects has led to increased support for systems which could be tilt and maintained by the users themselves. In bet of this, participatory irrigation management took birth.Realizing the great role of irrigation in economic progress, many countries in the world invested huge amounts of money for development of irrigation. Most of these state owned projects suffered from certain lacunae. These irrigation systems are not self sustaining because, the water charges have been kept low and also have not been collected efficiently over the years. The allocation of bills for the Operation and Maintena nce (O and M) have created problem of unreliability of distribution of water.It has been recognise widely that unless the farmers are involved in an orgainized way in the operation, management and maintencance, the objectives of the irriagation projects cannot be realized to a full extent. Therefore, there is a form all over the world to switch over to management of irrigation by farmers and thereby improve the expertness. In the United States of America, the efforts began as early as in 1939 in this direction and completed thirty years later on in 1969. France and Taiwan implemented the process in 1960s and 1970s. Since eighties there have been experiments of this kind in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Arabia and Europe. Similarly Colombia, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, Philippines and opposite(a) countries. This program is called by different names in different countries. It is called as Turn over in Indonesia and Philippines. perplexity transfer in Mexico and Turkey, take ove r in Colombia, Post-responsibility system or Responsibility contracting system in China and democratic Management in Sri Lanka. The process of counterchange is also described differently as Farmers Organization and Turn over (FOT), Transfer and Self-Management (TESM), Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT), Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM), etc. fight is a process in which people express themselves, share, contribute and act with mutual responsibility to promote a common goals. Participation is polar for agriculture and rural development and is one of the critical components for success of indispensable resource management. Farmers participation in decision making is more probably to lead to a sustainable increase in food fruit as well as in eco-preservation, restoration and development.Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) refers to the involvement such as planning, designing, construction and supervision, policy and decision making, operation and maintenance (O an d M) and evaluation of irrigation system.The program is implemented in India with the label of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). The objectives vary from place to place within the country, but primarily directed at improving the operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, increasing efficiency in the use of water, reducing the Government expenditure on irrigation, increase the collection of revenue.The man behind the present day Participatory Irrigation Management and irrigation co-operation is Sir. M. Vishveshvaraya, who as early as 1902-03 had advocated for establishment of such co-operation in think of of Khadakwasla canals while he was working as an Assistant Engineer in the Bombay state. Two water users co-operative societies were established namely Saswad Mali Society (1932) in Pune district and Samvastra Vibhag Water Supply Co-Operative Society (1936) in Ahamadnagar district.PIM in KarnatakaThe associations were named as Water Users Co-operative Societies (WUCSs) and the task of organizing them was entrusted to the Command Area Development Authority (CADA). The jurisdictional area of society was indicated in the range of 300 to 500 ha depending upon the fleck of the moderate area, hydrologic base and consideration of socio-economic aspects. The first society was registered in may 1990 at Shettikera in Shahapur taluka of Upper Krishna Project comprising an area of 328 ha in Shahapur Branch Canal.Since 2000, the Government of Karnataka has initiated a number of fresh measures for the implementation of the Participatory Irrigation Management. It had promulgated amendments to the Karnataka Irrigation Act 1965 and Irrigation (Levy of Betterment Contribution and Water Rate) Act 1957, to set aside the legal frame work for formation of the societies and their duties and responsibilities have been framed.Water users associations at different level It was proposed to organize the Water Users Associations (WUAs) at four levels as follows,La teral level Water Users Co-operative SocietiesDistributory level Water Users Distibutory Level partnershipProject level Water Users Project Level FederationState level Water Users Apex Level FederationObjectives of PIM model in KarnatakaTo initiate participation of the farmers in water management, irrigation scheduling, distribution and maintenance of system at micro level.To improve irrigation as well as water use efficiency or optimal production per unit loudness of water.To make best use of natural precipitation and ground water in conjunctive with the canal water.To develop a sense of sparing in water use amongst the users.To facilitate the users to have a preference in selecting garments, cropping sequence, timing of water supply depending upon the soil and availability of water, climate and other infrastructure facilities available in the command such as road, markets, cold storage etc., so as to maximize the income and profit.To delineate responsibilities of water di stribution and maintenance of system amidst the users both relating to allocation and real supply of water.To facilitate resolution of conflicts among farmers.To entrust collective and community responsibilities on the farmers to collect water charges and payments to government.To improve and sophisticate deliveries precisely as per crop need by the department at the supply point of the bush league and thus reduce operation losses.To create healthy atmosphere between the managers and users in the entire operation.Enough research has been conducted to develop appropriate engineering for irrigation commands, but it has not been follow properly due to various reasons. In this context, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) is conceived as panacea for the ills of irrigated farming. It is expected to solve the problems such as poor drainage, poor crop productivity, environmental degradation etc. PIM also deals with the maintenance of the irrigation system, equitable distribution o f water, scientific crop management, planning and designing, construction and supervision, policy and decision making, operation and maintenance and evaluation of irrigation system etc. The logic is that water users have higher stake and they have total control over management of the irrigation system.PIM in Tungabhadra Project areaTungabhadra project (TBP) is one of the oldest projects to help the drought hit districts of North Karnataka. It serves ternion districts namely, Koppal, Raichur and Bellary. The ultimate irrigation potential of Tungabhadra project is 3.63 lakh hectares. An area of 3.52 lakhs hectares has been developed up to the end of March 2006. Sufficient time has elapsed without adequate returns in terms of agriculture output, income or revenue from the investment. To overcome these hurdles, the state adopted Participatory Irrigation Management and formation of Water Users Co-operative Societies (WUCSs) in early 1990s.As per the directions of the Government of India , the farmers are required to adopt micro level systems of water management. In this respect, from the year 1990 to 1999, sixteen water users co-operative societies were organized under CADA of which 13 societies were assisted with an amount of Rs.12.97 lakhs for first three years to meet the expenses of establishment charges like office rent, furniture and maintenance charge etc. But these societies have become defunct due to stoppage of financial financial aid from the Government. Action is being taken to revitalize these societies and to adopt the new bye-laws and start functioning as per the amendment brought to irrigation act which was enforced from 2000 and onwards.In Tungabhadra project command area, 432 water users co-operative societies (out of 835 societies covering 3.63 lakh hectares) were registered up to end of November 2007 at Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts. These water users co-operative societies covered an area of 1.77 lakh hectares of land. Among 432 water users co-operative societies, 168 water users co-operative societies have punish MOU and also two distributory level federations are registered one at RBLLC Bhagewady distributory and the other at RBHLC D.P.13 distributary. The formation of three more distributory federations are under progress. The allowance of WUCSs in large number was mainly due to the pressure and hind end fixed by the government to the CADA officials. However, the progress of entering into memorandum of consciousness (MOU) with Water Resources Department (WRD), actual hand over to farmers, etc was practically very slow. The expectations of organization of WUCSs were not achieved. There are many hurdles in the implementation of PIM at the grass root level.Therefore, in the study an try is made to understand the nature and progress of PIM and to identify the various factors / constraints limit the successful implementation. This would throw light on ways and means for operatationalization of existing WUCSs in TBP area.Specific ObjectivesTo analyze the growth in participatory irrigation management (PIM) in Tungabhadra project area.To asses the physical and financial progress of participatory irrigation management in the command area.To assess the impact of participatory irrigation management on farm economy.To identity the constraints in the operationalisation of participatory irrigation management (PIM).HypothesesGrowth of participatory irrigation management is increasing over the years.The physical and financial progress of the water users association is not satisfactory.The impact of functional water users co-operative societies on farm economy is not satisfactory over existing co-operative societies.Working of water users co-operative societies is beset with constraints.Presentation of the studyThe study has been presented in seven chapters. In chapter I, the nature and importance of the research problem, specific objectives of the study have been depicted. Chapter II deals with th e review of the relevant past studies related to the study.Chapter III gives an over view of the study area, the nature and sources of data, the analytical tools employed for evaluating the objectives and interpreting the results and various concepts use in the study. The results of the study have been presented through a variety of tables in the chapter IV. A critical discussion of the results obtained has been presented / depicted in the chapter-V.A sketch summary of the overall results and the main findings of the study have been presented in the chapter-VI along with the policy implications that emerged from the findings of the study.Chapter -VII includes the list of the refered books and journals in the study.