Teams are seen as a necessary condition in contemporary organisations, Essay - 2

Teams are seen as a necessary condition in contemporary organisations, but are they effective - Essay Example Teams should operate as functional units in which various knowledge stemming from individual group members becomes part of a collaborative environment. The question that has been asked is whether teams are effective, despite the literature which proposes its necessity in the contemporary business. The evidence provided suggests that teams are effective, so long as certain organisational and objective components exist. These include cultural knowledge, building commitment at the leadership level, the structure of the organisation or team environment, and the importance of communication. This report examines the literature associated with teams, offering a critical analysis of findings. The findings are important to organisational studies as what was uncovered in this analysis can act as a template to assist in leadership, culture and knowledge exchange designs in team environments. Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill (2005) first offer that specific business studies are confused between what individuals perceive the world to be versus what the world actually consists of. In the forming stage of team development, defining specific goals is a paramount objective after individuals have been recruited. During this stage of team development, uncertainty abounds in a variety of categories from job role identification to setting up group norms and rules that will drive the functional group. A special project team requires a specific set of regulations that will guide forward momentum, something especially important in a special project team with a clear and concise end result goal. In this team, cohesion and knowledge exchange may be the objective, however the actual reality is that the organisation, itself, is guided by a centralized and vertical hierarchy where individuals have grown accustomed to the organisational culture whereby decision-making is always delivered from the top-down.

Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay It is hard to divorce the subject of the gods in discussing Oedipus’ tragic flaw. In Sophocles’ time, the Greeks’ way of life was determined by the gods. They would not dream of calling practices such as consulting the Oracle or the procession as superstitious. Similarly, it is difficult to discuss Hamlet’s madness without relating it to the Ghost. Shakespeare’s England, fresh from experiencing the Reformation, also had its own sets of superstitions. In the same way that peoples’ lives in those times were powerfully affected by superstitions and the supernatural, the decisions of several characters in the plays mentioned above were also influenced by superstitions and the supernatural. Although it is often thought that the plots of Oedipus the King and Hamlet revolve around the manner in which Oedipus and Hamlet use human reasoning and rational thinking to fashion themselves as heroes, the purpose of this essay is to argue otherwise, since both heroes are fashioned by superstition and the supernatural that provide the heroic codes that they must follow, dictating them how to live their lives as heroes. The plots of both Hamlet and Oedipus the King revolve around solving the evils in Thebes and Denmark, respectively. The supernatural reveals the causes of these problems and the actions that the heroes must take in order to put balance back into their worlds. For the heroes to do this, they must complete a superstitious task. As one might see, the tasks of both heroes are strangely similar. For Oedipus, it is taking â€Å"the son’s part† (280) and punishing the murderer of Laios. For Hamlet, it is avenging his father’s murder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Oedipus the King, the cause of the plague is revealed through the Delphic Oracle. Due to the on-stage absence of the gods in the play, oracles and Teiresias function as their voices. Both of these are essential for truth and revelations. They represent the supernatural. In the play, the truth means power, as Teiresias affirms as he argues Oedipus, â€Å"[†¦] there is power in truth† (390). Teiresias knew that the truth itself can kill Oedipus. The drama evolves through revelations about Oedipus’ fate and his apparent blindness to it. Oedipus, as a tragic hero complete with characteristics such as hubris, hastiness and blindness, tries to shift the center to himself as a god-like problem-solver, declaring â€Å"I, Oedipus, who bear the famous name† (8). He follows the mystery to the end until his eventual fall, causing him to inflict the punishment upon himself in order to appease justice. Though Oedipus is no slave to fate, he was a victim of it since he could not avoid his fate. Though fate can be seen as the will of the gods, it is maintained that Oedipus alone is responsible for his actions, as the second messenger pointed out: â€Å"The greatest griefs are those we cause ourselves† (1283). The concept of fate is complicated, but it is very similar to the Protestant doctrine of predestination, where one is destined to be somebody or do something even when one has free will. In the first scene, the chorus asks why Oracle does not divulge the identity of the murderer. Strangely, Oedipus himself provides the explanation for this: â€Å"[†¦] no man in the world can make the gods do more than the gods’ will† (296-297). Teiresias also insisted that â€Å"[†¦] there’s no help in truth† (334), but Oedipus forces him into saying it. He insisted on knowing out of his own sense of piety and justice. That is his downfall. It is too late when Oedipus realizes this: â€Å"He [Apollo] brought my sick, sick fate upon me, but the blinding hand was mine own!† (1386-1387). Even in the end, superstition limits what he could do to himself. It prevents him from committing suicide, since in Hades, he does not know how to face both his father and mother (1419-1422). The modern reader would most probably wonder why Oedipus is subjected to such a fate. One may not answer that completely and accurately for the Greeks would argue that it is not any mortal’s business to ask that. In the play, moral characters’ lives are contrasted with the gods’ immortal lives. Through the gods, the Greeks are reminded of their mortality seeing â€Å"how our lives like birds take wing† (183). Oedipus’ story also reminds them of this lesson. The play concludes with that same thought: Let every man in mankind’s frailty Consider his last day; and let none Presume on his good fortune until he find Life, at his death, a memory without pain (1581-1884). In Hamlet, it is suggested that the superstitions and the supernatural have a real hold upon the characters. The appearance of the supernatural, in this case, the Ghost, tells the characters that â€Å"something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (1.4.90). Like in Oedipus the King, superstitions provide explanations for certain scientifically unexplainable events and occurrences. The Ghost first appears on the first scene of act one where Horatio, Marcellus and Barnardo were waiting for it. It doesn’t utter a word so one could only visualize the Ghost through what the trio says of it. From Horatio, the audience learns that it looks like the dead king and that he is wearing the armor that he wore when he â€Å"smote the sledded Polack on the ice† (1.1.59-63). As he tried to question the ghost, he referred to three more popular superstitions to explain the reason behind the Ghost’s appearance: it seeks someone whose action will enable it to rest in peace (1.1.130-131), it knows of a future disaster in store for Denmark (1.1.133-134) or it seeks buried treasure â€Å"extorted† when alive (1.1.136-137). The Ghost vanishes as the cock crows. Horatio is not the only superstitious character in the play. Hamlet meets the ghost on the fourth scene. Though he knew not whether the ghost is of heaven or hell, he calls it â€Å"Hamlet,† his father (1.1.44-45). As the Ghost beckons him to a remote place, Horatio and Marcellus urge Hamlet not to follow it for fear that it might â€Å"draw him into madness† (1.1.75). True enough, that is exactly what will happen in the next scenes and acts. The Ghost doesn’t speak to Hamlet until the next scene. It introduces itself as Hamlet’s father, hinting at the terrors of the afterlife (1.5.9-13).   It asks him to â€Å"revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (1.5.25). Strangely enough, Hamlet is not completely surprised, even guessing the murderer as his uncle (1.5.40-41). In this scene, the Ghost acts and thinks like Hamlet who also condemns his â€Å"most seeming virtuous queen† (1.5.46). In its last words to Hamlet it cries â€Å"remember me† (1.1.91). Hamlet does remember him throughout the play. It is this rite of revenge that he will enact until the last act. He has to do it at the right moment, as superstition dictates. The scene where Claudius prays is not the right time for his death. The Ghost and its memory guide his actions and decisions, though invisible. In Hamlet’s confrontation with his mother, the Ghost appears again in a more domestic garb, preventing him from harming his mother. It is strange though that in that scene, Gertrude doesn’t see the ghost. One may never know if this is a sign of her moral blindness or if this is only a projection of Hamlet’s madness as Gertrude thinks. The Ghost causes Hamlet’s â€Å"dread of something after death† (3.1.78). This is exactly the subject of Hamlet’s most famous speech. Because of the terrifying vision of the Ghost, death becomes an â€Å"undiscovered country† (3.1.87). Hamlet doesn’t know where he will go after death, so he doesn’t commit suicide. Conscience, or the lack of it, makes a â€Å"coward† of him and therefore, â€Å"lose the name of action† (3.1.96). When finally Hamlet does avenge his father, all is set aright. As Hamlet dies, he elects Fortinbras as the new king of Denmark, who like him has also lot his father. It is through this deed that Hamlet becomes a fully fledged hero. Like his father in death, Hamlet also appeals to Horatio â€Å"draw thy breath in pain to tell my story† (5.2.183-184). Thus, he passes the call for remembrance. Superstitions and the supernatural indeed provide the heroic codes which shape the plots of these dramas. Although Oedipus and Hamlet both conform to their periods’ respective notions of heroes, the concept above runs the same for them. In the endings of both plays, the audiences come face to face with visions of mortality. These visions are intended for them, as well as the characters, to remember life itself.       Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. Folger Library Shakespeare. NY: Washington Square Press, 1992. Sophocles. â€Å"Oedipus Rex.† The Oedipus Cycle. Trans. Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald. San Diego and NY: Harvest/HBJ, 1977.

Personal Narrative- Infliction of Wrath Essay -- Personal Narrative, e

Swirling fog and dynamic light surround my silhouette, a warped halo of ominous colors accentuating the restrained passion of my abrupt, powerful gestures. A demonic cackle resonates from my parted, sneering lips, a sense of power emanating from my very pores. I summon my strength for my greatest achievement, my moment of glory, the heroes of humanity having fallen before my wrath, as pleas for reconsideration bombard my deaf ears. The stroke of a button - water vapor and carbon are the last remnants of the blue and green orb that for so long careened around a furnace of burning hydrogen. So shall be my final moments as a supervillain, an evil and ominous figure against which hordes of mortals shall struggle and fall. My domination and destruction of the Earth shall be preceded by the acquiring of psychic superpowers, struggles with some benevolent archrival, and a glorious battle for humanity in which I shall triumph. I have fought one battle at a time, and my longest thus far is drawing to a close. High school has marked a gradual but inevitable transformation from my idealis...

Any Human to Another Essay

Countee Cullen was an African American writer during the Harlem Renaissance. His poem â€Å"Any Human to Another† calls on whites and Americans in general to put aside their racial differences and come together in harmony. Cullen’s reflective and didactic tone is established through numerous rhetorical dev ices. The first thing one notices when reading the poem is the constantly changing rhyme scheme. Cullen uses a changing meter to emphasize each stanza, making them stand apart but still sound nice together – â€Å"diverse yet single.† The whole poem is about this paradox and coming together despite our differences. People need to connect with others and not stay shut up alone in solitude. Many of the stanzas contain similes to elaborate on the author’s purpose. The first stanza relates sorrow to an arrow that pierces all parts of the body to the deepest core, â€Å"through the fat and past the bone.† The second stanza compares blacks and whites to rivers and the sea (fresh and salty water). The last stanza relates grief again to a weapon, calling it a â€Å"blade shining and unsheathed [that] must strike me down,† and sorrow to a crown of â€Å"bitter aloes wreathed.† The similes in the last stanza mean that although it is sometimes painful and/or unpleasant to share others’ grief, it is still something we must do. There is a metaphor in the third stanza that compares living our lives alone to pitching a tent in solitude, walled into our own little world. Several times, Cullen uses dichotomies to contrast things that symbolize the whites and blacks. They are compared to â€Å"fat and†¦ bone† (stanza 1), â€Å"sea and river† (stanza 2), and â€Å"sun and shadow† (stanza 3). Despite these obvious differences , the author emphasizes the ability and importance of coming together, like salt and fresh water do in bays and sun and shadow do in some valleys. The fourth stanza employs personification of grief and joy, also showing the dichotomy between them. While joy only favors a few, grief is a common factor shared by all people, and so it is a common ground  on which anyone can come together. Finally, the poem contains Biblical allusions to Romans 12:15-18 Rejoice with those who rejoice; mourn with those who mourn. Live in harmony with one another. Do not be proud, but be willing to associate with people of low position. Do not be conceited. Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the eyes of everybody. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. This passage talks about sharing others’ grief instead of remaining cut off and apathetic. Cullen shares the author’s wish for peace between unlike people. This ties to the last line, where â€Å"my sorrow must be laid on your head like a crown† alludes to Christ’s crown of thorns – because Jesus was a man of the people and was very empathetic; he put into practice what Cullen is calling all Americans to do. Cullen uses allusion, paradox, dichotomy, simile and metaphor, personification, and meter to establish the tone and theme of his poem â€Å"Any Human to Another.†

Mix of marketing activities

Undertaking 31 ) Mix of Selling Activities1. BrandingLets clients cognize what merchandise the company will bring forth with different manners and Sons. The definition of stigmatization is making a name, logo or a design that merely identifies and differentiate merchandise from others. Purpose: A successful stigmatization can set up trust and builds trueness between clients and the company, communicates the company values which mean the values of the company distinguish their merchandises from other rivals and the quality of their merchandises.2. E-mail sellingE-mail selling aids by directing messages via electronic mail to the clients to allow them cognize what merchandises will be sell in the market. Purpose: Provides personalized services to clients. Email selling can update clients every clip about the cargo of their purchased merchandises. Email selling besides enables to advance merchandises and services at the same clip.3. Banner advertsGraphical adverts which can be either on in writing or text messages that are shown on web pages. When clients clicked on the either of the adverts, it will travel on to new page and straight off unfastened to the advertizer ‘s place page. Banners are normally in formats such as GIF, JPEG or PNG. Banners are of import because they can advance, purchase and sell their merchandises utilizing this advert. Purpose: Banner advertisement can be used really efficaciously to advance a merchandise or service on the web. This will bring forth gross revenues when the concern is introduced to a immense audience. Banner advertizements will do more profitable for clients that have its ain alone qualities that can hike on-line gross revenues.4. CRMBesides known as Customer Relationship Manager. CRM is an information industry that provides a company utile and relevant information to clients in order to hold a good known relationship between the company and clients in an organized manner. The information provided must fit with the clients ‘ demands. Purpose: CRM has the undermentioned intents such as cognition direction which enables for employees to hold valuable information in what action to do, Database consolidation is to interact a client recorded in one topographic point to assist and advance client support service and Integration of channels and systems which is to react to clients through a channel of their pick such as electronic mail, phone and online chatting.5. Search engine optimisationSearch engine optimisation is a manner for hunt engines to happen and rank a site higher than other web sites in response to a hunt question and therefore helps clients easier to happen the site that they wanted. Purpose: Search engine optimisation will assist the site to advance their merchandises and services by seeking the company ‘s site. Every clip clients type the keyword of the site, the ranking of that site will travel higher. This will enable to utilize the hunt engine to the advantage in order to acquire needed traffic.6. Per chink advertisementPay per chink advertisement is besides known as Cost per chink or Pay per Ranking. Pay per chink advertisement allows clients to name the site that searched at the top of the hunt engine consequences by typing for the merchandises or services they wanted to utilize. The higher clients visit the site, the higher the advertizement will be shown in the list. Customers will pay when they click on and link to the site. Purpose: Pay per chink is a signifier of advertisement that engage websites with links of the company on other web sites. Every client chinks on the advert, certain of amount will be charged to the clients. This will assist the company to derive much more net income from ecommerce.2 ) Reasonable attacks to online selling activities.1. Registering with as many hunt enginesThe intent of registering with as many engines is to let holding a better line in with the hunt engine. This can be really valuable tool in seeing where to travel in spread outing the company ‘s web site into the market.2. Clear stigmatization and promotional bundlesThe intent of clear stigmatization and promotional bundles is that they give consumers a freedom of pick in taking their merchandises, offer a step of protection to clients because they can easy place the provider which they are fond of.3. Use of streamer advertisement theoretical accountThe intent of use of streamer advertisement theoretical account is to c onstruct consciousness, sell something, and thrust traffic to an advertizer ‘s web site.4. The usage of forumThe use of forum is a good manner to acquire back links and traffics but members must lend to the forum in order to be active in the site and non merely spamming the forum with the company ‘s links. Giving relevant and elaborate information, clients or members of the forum might be interested to look into out the nexus.3 ) Offline selling demands:I. Direct selling is a method where advertizers approach clients straight face to confront with the merchandises or services for roll uping an sum of information about their clients and clients. II. Mass selling is a maximal exposure of advertisement merchandises to clients. Merchandises that many people want will be introduced to a immense audience.a. MagazinesMagazines might and can be expensive but magazines are really utile because it focused on the advertisement to the clients which they might be interested to cognize about the advert.B. Direct MailDirect mail can be utile because the mail is straight sent from the company to clients instantly for their wants and demands. Roll uping information from clients by detecting references on their cheques and inquiring them to make full out information cards.c. NewslettersNewsletters presents can be really influential and powerful message to clients because it provides layout and design and they can bring forth really interesting newssheets in a really cheap manner.d. NewspapersBy puting advertizements about the company ‘s concern in newspapers can be really utile and may convert clients through the advertizements because newspapers ever have been read by people every twenty-four hours. This method is really effectual.4 ) Plan addresses both bing and new clientsIn order to retain clients online or offlines, the undermentioned factors should be taken into consideration:1. Developing profitable clientsIn order to set up profitable clients, the company must continuously be pulling new profitable clients in the industry sectors and they must besides active retain the profitable current clients and re-establish dealingss with past clients.2. Profiling clientsCustomer profiling is based on demographic, psychographic and geographic features. The description of clients must include income, business, and degree of instruction, age, gender, avocations or country of abode.3. Specifying clientsFor retaining clients, the company must specify their possible clients. To be successful, the company must be able to carry clients more easy and when the company able to carry them, it is easier clip to hold concern with clients.4. Deciding targeted groupTargeted group will be decided by the company which clients will establish on their age and gender. Each group will be able to prove their merchandises which may be a positive manner to derive client ‘s trust and do even more net income.5 ) Compile prospective clients in the groupa. Plan to turn to bing clientsI ) Offer truenessIf the company plans to do the bing clients loyal to them, they must offer them a particular deal such as take downing the monetary value in order to do them happy and loyal.two ) Tell-a-friend optionThe company can state the bing clients to advance their site and concern to their friends in order to derive more loyal clients.three ) Offer pre or station gross revenues servicesOffering pre gross revenues services to clients, the company must be able to research and program new merchandise before giving out to clients in order for them to do a suggestion and do a better merchandise for them to be happy.four ) Considerin g monetary value factors based on clients need.Reducing monetary values on the merchandises that the clients ever need will be able to retain the bing client ‘s trueness.B. Plan to turn to new clientsI ) Mailing listMailing list such as direct mail is an effectual manner to convey a message or a manner to publicize and advance a new specific merchandise to big audiences in order to derive new clients.two ) OffersOffers will be given to clients such as take downing the monetary value as considered by the company for a chosen merchandise that might acquire the client ‘s purpose.three ) MembershipsNew clients will be offered full rank for them to acquire the latest intelligence and information about new merchandises of their demands.four ) Easy payment servicesNew clients may be able to utilize their recognition cards if they are buying their merchandises online because it is easier for them to pay without any transit required.6 ) Sphere nameCompany name is called â€Å"Ar ts and Crafts online†Sphere NameTypeHandinessartzandcraftzonline.comCommercialYesfun-artsandcrafts-online.comCommercialYesartscrafts4u.comCommercialYesThe best sphere name that have been chosen is artscrafts4u.com Reasons on why this sphere name is the best:This sphere name is short and easier for clients to retrieve the site.This sphere name may be interesting for clients in order for them to see the site more frequently.The sphere name can pull clients in doing concerns.

Case about Yahoo essays

Case about Yahoo essays 1. Success as a Web Search Engine a. Why was Yahoo! such an early success on the Web? Yahoo was an early success due to a combination of factors such as timing, hard work, and a good understanding of Web surfers tastes and needs.. In early 1995, Net mania was just flowering. It was a great time to be a young entrepreneur with an Internet idea. Dave Faldo and Jerry Yang saw a consumer need for classifying and differentiating web sights. Resting the urge to automate this process, Yahoos founders instead chose to manually perform this search, reviewing and classifying roughly 1000 sights a day. This approach combined with their decision to offer a free service lead to early success. b. Why was Yahoo! more successful as a search engine than other, more technically superior search engines? Yahoo!s search engine was designed to be both reliable and streamlined. The design was simple so it would pop up quickly. Its focus was on quality, not quantity. Yangs comment that if you have 13 Madonna sights, you probably dont need a 14th rings true. Surfers choosing Yahoo! not only were provided reliable information, but they were not bombarded with 1000 sights to review. Additionally, Yahoo! provided a product that was appealing and fun to use. c. Why is the fact that Yahoo! spends money on people, not computers, one of the keys to their success? Yahoo!s founders business plan was to manually categorize existing web sights and provide a succinct list of quality sights to choose from. This human-created directory was all that distinguished Yahoo! from its competitors as Net euphoria swept the stock market in early 1996. Other search engines were throwing any sight that met the search requirements at the user. Yahoo!s concept saved the browser the time they would otherwise spend filtering out the garbage to find these quality sights. 2. Building a...

The Articles vs Consitution essays

The Articles vs Consitution essays The fundamental basis of our government was very weak compared to the government of today. Under the Articles of Confederation, the states were hardly unified, and had no strong central government. When the Federal Constitution was established, the states were finally united, and the delegates realized that the power must come from the central government. When the Articles of Confederation were written in 1777, weakness was prominent. There was only one vote in Congress for each state, which was unfair to the states with a larger population. There was a Two-Thirds vote required in Congress for all important decisions. There were no separation of powers; Congress carried out the laws. The central government had no control over commerce; each state had individual foreign affairs. There were no federal courts, and had no authority to act directly upon individuals and no power to compel states. Under the Articles, the states seemed to have more power than the central government. Realizing that America was under a weak central government, in 1788 thirteen delegates met in Philadelphia to draw up the new and improved Federal Constitution. This created unlike the Articles a more unified union. A compromise was made between the populous states and the smaller states. Two houses of government were established. In the Senate, there were two votes, disregarding the population of the state. This complied with the equal representation deal. The other half was called the House of Representatives, which the votes depended on the population of that state. In the matter of deciding important issues, a simple majority vote was needed in Congress. There were now three branches of government, the executive (presidential), legislative (Congress), and the judicial (Supreme Court). The executive branch now had the powers to execute laws, and the Supreme Court headed the Federal Courts. The power foreign and interstate commerce was now gi...

A Definition of Speech Community in Sociolinguistics

A Definition of Speech Community in Sociolinguistics Speech community is a term in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology used to describe a group of people who share the same language,  speech  characteristics, and ways of interpreting communication. Speech communities may be large regions like an urban area with a common, distinct accent (think of Boston with its dropped rs) or small units like families and friends (think of a nickname for a sibling). They help people define themselves as individuals and community members and identify (or misidentify) others. Speech and Identity The concept of speech as a means of identifying with a community first emerged in 1960s  academia alongside other new fields of research like ethnic and gender studies. Linguists like John Gumperz pioneered research in how personal interaction can influence ways of speaking and interpreting, while Noam Chomsky studied how people interpret language and derive meaning from what they see and hear. Types of Communities Speech communities can be large or small, although linguists dont agree on how theyre defined. Some, like linguist  Muriel Saville-Troike, argue that its logical to assume that a shared language like English, which is spoken throughout the world, is a speech community.  But she differentiates between hard-shelled communities, which tend to be insular and intimate, like a family or religious sect, and soft-shelled communities where there is a lot of interaction. But other linguists say a common language is too vague to be considered a true speech community. The linguistic anthropologist  Zdenek Salzmann describes it this way: [P]eople who speak the same language are not always members of the same  speech community. On the one hand, speakers of South Asian English in India and Pakistan share a language with citizens of the U.S., but the respective varieties of English and the rules for speaking them are sufficiently distinct to assign the two populations to different speech communities... Instead, Salzman and others say, speech communities should be more narrowly defined based on characteristics such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and manner of speaking. Study and Research The concept of speech community plays a role in a number of social science, namely sociology, anthropology, linguists, even psychology. People who study issues of migration and ethnic identity use social community theory to study things like how immigrants assimilate into larger societies, for instance. Academics who focus on racial, ethnic, sexual​ or gender issues apply social community theory when they study issues of personal identity and politics. It also plays a role in data collection. By being aware of how communities are defined, researchers can adjust their subject pools in order to obtain representative sample populations. Sources Morgan,  Marcyliena H. What Are Speech Communities? Cambridge University Press, 2014.Salzmann,  Zdenek. Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. Westview, 2004Saville-Troike, Muriel. The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Blackwell, 2003.

BUS 263 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUS 263 - Essay Example According to the CPSC (Murray), there is a total cost of up to $3,100 over 15 years for a table saw whose original costs may be only $100 to $300. This cost takes into account (1) direct medical costs, but more importantly (2) legal costs for the inevitable lawsuits which surface over bodily injury. What is not counted in the cost is the legal expense incurred by the manufacturers, even if they win the case. In the past, Quik-Cut could argue in personal-injury cases that its customers were using state-of-the-art technology at their own risk. In the future, the company has fewer legal arguments. Even if it chooses to offer the stop technology at an additional price, there is a risk that the jury would find Quik-Cut liable for not installing the innovation on all of its products. The president of Quik-Cut has a choice at present: embrace the technology and seek a competitive advantage for a period of time, or work with the rest of the industry to stonewall the invention, at least for a period of time. A third alternative—design around it—may or may not work. Design around It: The company would develop its own technology, but that would take time and perhaps expertise that the company doesn’t have. In addition, if a competitor introduced the technology prior to Quik-Cut bringing it to market, the company may face the same legal dilemma it faces today. Stonewall the invention. This would require that all the manufacturers—large and small—hew to the industry line. If Quik-Cut and its competitors chose not to introduce the invention, they could construct a case on technical merits illustrating why the technology was not yet ready to be implemented. The two dangers to this strategy are (1) there could be a later discovery procedure as a part of a product-liability lawsuit that could reveal the industry’s

Developmental stage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developmental stage - Research Paper Example This viewpoint is clearly illustrated by one infancy development author: The human baby is the most socially influenced creature on earth, open to learning what his own emotions are and how to manage them. This means that our earliest experiences as babies have much more relevance to our adult selves than many of us realise. It is as babies that we first feel and learn what to do with our feelings, when we start to organise our experience in a way that will affect our later behaviour and thinking The first aspect that must be developed in a young offspring is cognition. This is the initial period of alertness where a young offspring learns about his environment and finds ways to appropriately interact with it. Although their memory is not yet refined, they are able to familiarize themselves with the faces, voices, touch or smell of the persons surrounding them. Their range of vision is also limited but they can easily spot bright and moving objects. According to Jean Piaget, there are two significant events that happen during cognitive development. First is what he calls the â€Å"goal-directed behavior† wherein infants start to learn about the cause and effect of their actions. Moreover, they repeat particular actions for they already have the idea that those actions will bring out their desired results. The second significant event in cognition is their notion for â€Å"object permanence†. Before, infants think that if something that they have seen is taken away or hidden, it is completely gone. After their third month, babies will start to develop their thinking that a thing still exists even if it cannot be seen. During this stage, it is normal that infants exhibit budding and intense curiosity with their immediate surrounding. This is the primary reason why babies use their hands and mouth to inspect things. They find joy in exploring things by touching and

Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example s the right â€Å"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The common arguments have been that it is illegal to conduct a search without a search warrant on the part of the law enforcement officer. Although the provisions of the Fourth Amendment hold that the right of a person against illegal searches is inviolable, there are exemptions to the enforcement of this right. Apprehensions on the road are one of the areas where the person may not legally invoke the Fourth Amendment1. In the case of Pennsylvania v Mimms2, the court rules that drivers and passengers have no Fourth Amendment right not to be ordered out of their vehicle once a proper stop is made. According to the case of California v Carney3, â€Å"The Constitution affords a lesser degree of protection for a vehicle than a residence because of the vehicle’s ready mobility†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, the decision of this case should be tempered with the test of reasonableness enunciated under the case of Delaware v Prouse4 where the Court warned that there must be a reasonable ground for stopping the vehicle such as the reasonable suspicion that the driver do not have a license and that the vehicle is not registered. A law enforcement officer manning traffic should not just arbitrarily stop vehicles without just cause as this is a clear violation of the Fourth Amendment right of the driver and the passengers. In case of Maryland v Wilson, the Court ruled that where the driver has committed a â€Å"minor vehicular offense† there is no reason to stop and detain the passengers. However, since technically, the passengers have already been stopped when the vehicle was stopped, the fact that they are requested by the law enforcement officers to disembark from the vehicle is of little concern. In the case of Michigan v Long it was ruled that an officer making a traffic stop may order passengers to get out of the car pending completion of the stop. In connection

Hotel Revenue Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hotel Revenue Management - Research Paper Example To this effect, a quick PEST analysis has been done below. PEST Analysis According to Competitive Intelligence (2011), â€Å"Political factors include parts such as employment laws, environmental regulations, tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs and political constancy.† This means that political factors have to do with factors that are influenced by government. In this case study, tax charged on rooms, trade restrictions and travel policies would be factored in the political analysis whereby a relatively low tax system and free flow of people would enhance the patronage of hotels. Economic factors for the revenue management are exceptionally important for international trade and patronage. This is because according to Marketing Teacher Limited (2000), economic factors cover issues such as â€Å"Interest rates, the level of inflation Employment level per capita and long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita†, which are all very imp ortant in determining internal revenue management models. ... This point is buttressed further by the Quick MBA Network that mentions issues under social factors to include â€Å"health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety.† Technological factors will eventually play a central part of the revenue management in the sense that it is going to be the single most important interactive medium by which potential customers are going to be contacted. Customers are also expected to be abreast with innovations and programs of the hotel by accessing data and information on the hotel through the use of the internet. Most commonly, it is expected that online reservations and group bookings will be made via the internet. The Net MBA (2011) mentions other forms of technological issues such as â€Å"Recent technological developments, Technology's impact on product offering, Impact on cost structure, Impact on value chain structure, Rate of technological diffusion.† Revenue Management Mode l In today’s competitive economic era, revenue management has been identified as an extremely important means for hotels to make up for their apportioned resources and income. Revenue xls (2007) has it that â€Å"revenue management models are intended to optimize the pricing of hotel rooms, airline seats, and other â€Å"perishable† commodities for a given duration by taking into account demand variability over time and capacity constraints.† The major model to be adopted would be the stochastic model, which was first used on the airline industry by De Boer et al. (2002) for the airline industry. A qualitative rather than a quantitative form of the model shall however be used. Under the model, the following areas will be considered. The

Marketing 4580 International Transportation Essay - 1

Marketing 4580 International Transportation - Essay Example Postconsumer recycled content are environmental friendly and a firm could use these materials in packaging. Another environmental friendly strategy that a firm could apply would be the reduction of packaging materials used and instead use just one material for packaging. In order to keep the cycle going the firm should also have an environmental friendly system to collect the materials used in packaging for recycling. The last effective strategy would be to use materials that could be under use again after cleaning like refillable beverage bottles. Logistics have been existent since civilization and it is both exciting and challenging. If the packaging inefficiency were under reduction, there would be a great ease because logistics deals with getting products wherever they are in need at the right time. This is only possible; by the way, the products are stored. The first principle that states that materials should be handled as less as possible surprises me most. I fail to understand the aim of handling materials without really handling them, but the results of this principle stand out for themselves. The other principle that surprises me is the principle of moving optimum units in one package. I would argue that it is more risky to move a huge number of goods in one unit due to risk of destruction and huge losses. In fragmented logistics, activities are under management in many different offices in an organization while in unified logistics as the name suggests multiple activities under execution in one department and managed as a single unit. Every participant in the network organization has their specific duty to carry out under their department. If everyone is doing their duty, then the agility of the whole system should be precise and accurate on timing and coordination. One principle of logistics is not to affect the production of the product. If a network is efficient the relevancy, responsiveness and flexibility is under

International economics - Balance of Payments Coursework

International economics - Balance of Payments - Coursework Example The transactions of imports and exports done by United Kingdom can be in terms goods, services, financial transfers and financial capital. According to park if the sovereign payments are greater than autonomous receipts, the balance of payment will at disequilibrium. A country like United Kingdom which is experiencing balance of payment deficits in its current will be required to make up an increasing financial debt so that it posses more foreign assets (Park 2004, p. 122). Basically there are three types of balance of payments deficits. They include visible trade deficit, basic deficit and current account deficit. There are four in which United Kingdom measures its current account deficit. They include the net current income for example income from overseas investment, the balance of trade in goods, transfer of payments for example payments made to European Union and lastly the balance of trade in goods. The other factors that causes imbalance in balance if payment apart from the fall of value in pound include, A decrease in the current account is caused by a period of consumption led economic increase or growth. If consumption and consumer spending is increased within the United Kingdom, it will lead automatically to an increased expenditure on imports (Park 2004, p. 31). Given in 2011 and 2010, the domestic economy was experiencing massive growth with an increased consumer spending and inflation. This caused to a large gap of deficit on the current account. Recently recession has led to a temporary improvement in the deficit after most consumer cut back on their spending. A nation with individuals and firms saving lowly with a high percentage of consumption will automatically also have a higher current account deficit hence causing disequilibrium of balance of payment. The relative competitiveness of industrial production of

Marketing 4580 International Transportation Essay - 1

Marketing 4580 International Transportation - Essay Example Postconsumer recycled content are environmental friendly and a firm could use these materials in packaging. Another environmental friendly strategy that a firm could apply would be the reduction of packaging materials used and instead use just one material for packaging. In order to keep the cycle going the firm should also have an environmental friendly system to collect the materials used in packaging for recycling. The last effective strategy would be to use materials that could be under use again after cleaning like refillable beverage bottles. Logistics have been existent since civilization and it is both exciting and challenging. If the packaging inefficiency were under reduction, there would be a great ease because logistics deals with getting products wherever they are in need at the right time. This is only possible; by the way, the products are stored. The first principle that states that materials should be handled as less as possible surprises me most. I fail to understand the aim of handling materials without really handling them, but the results of this principle stand out for themselves. The other principle that surprises me is the principle of moving optimum units in one package. I would argue that it is more risky to move a huge number of goods in one unit due to risk of destruction and huge losses. In fragmented logistics, activities are under management in many different offices in an organization while in unified logistics as the name suggests multiple activities under execution in one department and managed as a single unit. Every participant in the network organization has their specific duty to carry out under their department. If everyone is doing their duty, then the agility of the whole system should be precise and accurate on timing and coordination. One principle of logistics is not to affect the production of the product. If a network is efficient the relevancy, responsiveness and flexibility is under

Reasons for Investing in Malaysia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reasons for Investing in Malaysia - Essay Example It has long coastlines on both peninsulas. 63.6% of the population is between the ages of 15-64 years. The currency is the ringgit whose value fluctuates seasonally at between 3.3 and 3.8 to the US dollar. Malaysia is a highly stable country. It takes on a Westminster democratic structure of governance with Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin as the ceremonial monarch and head of State. The Prime Minister Mohammed Najib bin Abdul Razak is the current prime minister and head of government. The premier rises to power by virtue of leading the largest party in the lower House of Representatives. In the bicameral representation structure, there is an upper house consisting of 70 Dewan Negara (Senators) and (Dewan Rakyat) the lower house with 222 elected representatives. This structure has ensured stability and continuity. Before British rulers united it, Malaysia consisted of several autonomous states. The British joined them into the Federation of Malaya later to be known as Malaysia. After independence in 1963, there was a brief period of armed conflicts, which came to an end after the renegade state of Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since then, the country has been very stable. The majority of the population is made up of Malays with significant portions of Chinese and Indians. Malay is the official language while Islam is the official religion. However, Islamic law is only applied to the Muslims in matters concerning family and religious issues such as divorce, custody, and inheritance only. (Zainal et al 1994) Another obvious advantage is that the level of bureaucracy in Malaysia, especially when establishing a new business, is low and user-friendly. It takes about two or three licenses to invest depending on the nature of the intended business. Malaysia is classified as a medium developing country.  

ICT Industry And Employment Essay Example for Free

ICT Industry And Employment Essay Understanding the impact of information technology will greatly affect one’s choice of career path. In this world of computers, electronic data and the internet, it is more practical to consider jobs and careers that go hand in hand with IT. There are solid evidences that the ICT industry will soon be the biggest player in any world economies. In the healthcare industry, every patient data is going paperless. With the introduction of EMR or Electronic Medical Records, hospitals, patients and health professionals can easily exchange data in order to assess the best possible way to provide patients with the necessary healthcare. Computers and the internet play important roles in EMR. Meanwhile, the finance and banking industry are also going electronic by implementing e-commerce strategies. Many of them are now providing electronic banking and investment facilities that clients can easily access. This innovation saves them thousands of dollars, which could have been used for labor, facility, or marketing funding needs. On the other hand, engineering companies are also joining the bandwagon. They have set up their respective IT departments in order to integrate computers to their manufacturing and service sectors. With the availability of reliable data, engineering companies can easily decide on implementing their plans or relaying information across all departments, which will result to better productivity. So what do these evidences say? Information and Communications Technology will soon become the very backbone of any economic sectors. In fact, any industries (software, electronics, hardware, internet) related to IT are considered some of the most robust in the global economy (Stanley Labs). If one wishes to get a bright future, then investing on learning the techniques in IT will be the right approach.

The Contrast between Gothic Architecture and Romanesque Architecture Es

The Romanesque and Gothic architecture period both occurred during the Middle Ages with the Gothic period taking place during the later half. Gothic and Romanesque architecture were related in many ways, but they also contrasted in style too. Over time, masons began to test the waters and push the limits. They thought of new ways to add lighting and ways to allow more height to the building without it being to heavy and weak. Many of the reasons for the change in styles had a lot to do with society and the changes it faced. There was a greater intensity occurring in piety and literature. The Gothic style embodied this new urban society. Romanesque and Gothic shared similar characteristics, but Gothic architecture was a greater departure from its previous predecessor. The Romanesque architecture style, which occurred during the late 11th century to the middle 12th century, literally means â€Å"roman-like† architecture. The Romans, who were inspired by the Etruscans, used barreled and groined vaulting. Romanesque architects later adapted the use of rounded arches, giving the style its name. The Romanesque style, being inspired by the Roman architecture, used the plan of the basilica style. Romanesque cathedrals were not originally designed for aesthetic purposes. Romanesque style replaced flat wood ceilings with stone vaulting. It was one of the first styles to use mainly all stone, but the walls of the Romanesque cathedrals were built very thickly. They were almost like a fortress. Romanesque cathedrals had few windows as a result of their thick walls so the churches were very dark. In a sense, this echoed the life that was outside of these sanctuaries’ walls during the Middle Ages. Some Romanesque characteristics in architecture wer... ... the use of colorful stained glass windows and flying buttresses. The Gothic style was something awe-inspiring. Masons challenged gravity to create works of art that literally reached the heavens. Works Cited Camille, Michael. Gothic Art: Glorious Visions. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall, 1996. Print. Camille, Michael. Gothic Art: Glorious Visions. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall, 1996. 12. Print. Frankl, Paul, and Paul Crossley. Gothic Architecture. New Haven: Yale UP, 2000. Print. Mike. "The Evolution of Gothic Architecture." Aquinas Multimedia. Aquinas Multimedia, 12 May 2008. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. . Wilson, Christopher. "Thirteenth-Century Gothic." The Gothic Cathedral: the Architecture of the Great Church 1130-1530. Reprinted ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008. 91-120. Print.

The invention of the Human Essay -- Shakespeare Literature Papers

The Invention of the Human In his recent book, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (1998), Harold Bloom argues that Shakespeare’s characters provide the full measure of his continuing legacy. Shakespeare, Bloom maintains, created self-conscious characters who breathe life. Shakespeare’s characters are so alive, possess such "interiority," that they catch themselves looking at themselves. This quality is the essence of becoming human—to know we know, to be aware we are aware, to sense our own presence on the stage of life. Prior to Shakespeare’s ascendancy on the English stage, Bloom argues, there was no concept of the individual self, just types. These types persist in Shakespeare’s plays as residual stock characters displaying humours, like Malvolio (melancholic) and Hotspur (choleric). In Shakespeare these crude concepts of personality give way to major and minor characters who evolve and grow almost within themselves. They possess a special energy that touches all other characters within the play. But it is Bloom’s provocative remark, "Shakespeare invented us," that stretches us beyond our conditioned response to the plays and invites us to define a new relationship with Shakespeare. Bloom argues that Shakespeare so interpenetrates our consciousness and our cultural existence that we do not know the boundary between him and us. One suspects that we are receptive to Bloom’s idea because of the mysterious ambivalence of Shakespeare himself. Shakespeare’s elusive self, the stuff of Keats’s Negative Capability, may indeed be found in his 100 major characters and hundreds of minor personages dispersed through his histories, comedies, and tragedies. Bloom, however, takes Shakespeare and his characters out of dramatic con... ...al world of Elizabethan England—essential to an understanding of Shakespeare’s history plays can easily be lost if we regard the characters as existing beyond their origins. We cannot neglect the social, intellectual, and historical context in which the histories derive their meaning. Bloom asserts that the plays’ characters transcend their origins and operate in a universe that is still being created. We can appreciate his thesis as it reverberates through our consciousness. Bloom has successfully helped us secure a new relationship with Shakespeare and his dramatic art. At the same time, we must wonder if we can separate Shakespeare—and his characters—from the plays. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books, 1998. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. 2nd. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. The invention of the Human Essay -- Shakespeare Literature Papers The Invention of the Human In his recent book, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (1998), Harold Bloom argues that Shakespeare’s characters provide the full measure of his continuing legacy. Shakespeare, Bloom maintains, created self-conscious characters who breathe life. Shakespeare’s characters are so alive, possess such "interiority," that they catch themselves looking at themselves. This quality is the essence of becoming human—to know we know, to be aware we are aware, to sense our own presence on the stage of life. Prior to Shakespeare’s ascendancy on the English stage, Bloom argues, there was no concept of the individual self, just types. These types persist in Shakespeare’s plays as residual stock characters displaying humours, like Malvolio (melancholic) and Hotspur (choleric). In Shakespeare these crude concepts of personality give way to major and minor characters who evolve and grow almost within themselves. They possess a special energy that touches all other characters within the play. But it is Bloom’s provocative remark, "Shakespeare invented us," that stretches us beyond our conditioned response to the plays and invites us to define a new relationship with Shakespeare. Bloom argues that Shakespeare so interpenetrates our consciousness and our cultural existence that we do not know the boundary between him and us. One suspects that we are receptive to Bloom’s idea because of the mysterious ambivalence of Shakespeare himself. Shakespeare’s elusive self, the stuff of Keats’s Negative Capability, may indeed be found in his 100 major characters and hundreds of minor personages dispersed through his histories, comedies, and tragedies. Bloom, however, takes Shakespeare and his characters out of dramatic con... ...al world of Elizabethan England—essential to an understanding of Shakespeare’s history plays can easily be lost if we regard the characters as existing beyond their origins. We cannot neglect the social, intellectual, and historical context in which the histories derive their meaning. Bloom asserts that the plays’ characters transcend their origins and operate in a universe that is still being created. We can appreciate his thesis as it reverberates through our consciousness. Bloom has successfully helped us secure a new relationship with Shakespeare and his dramatic art. At the same time, we must wonder if we can separate Shakespeare—and his characters—from the plays. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books, 1998. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. 2nd. ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

America’s Unjust Drug War Essay

It has been said that the definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result; this statement fairly sums up the War on Drugs. Let us imagine a scenario of two men, one of them has killed 4 young women in cold blood, for ‘sport’ as he likes to say; the other man was caught with a large amount of an illegal drug. In prison it would not be unlikely for these two to share a cell, but my question is why? Why are these drastically different crimes seen as being worthy of the same punishment? According to a pro-marijuana web site, studies show that in Dallas, Texas â€Å"Possession of two ounces or less of marijuana is punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine up to $2,000. Possession of greater than two ounces is punishable by up to one year in jail and a fine up to $4,000† (â€Å"We Be High†). It seems to defy logic, and upon observation of the facts, it does. The War on Drugs, specifically the prohibition of marijuana, is an unnecessary drain on our country’s tax dollars and law enforcement agencies. Some would even say that these agencies have no right to tell us what we as US Citizens can put into our bodies in the first place. Not only that, but the skepticism and prohibition of marijuana is keeping people from exploring the amazing potential that it has in the medicinal field. If marijuana were legalized properly, not only would these problems begin to work themselves out, but the illegal market and the problems and dangers caused by the prohibition of marijuana would cease to exist. One fact that few in our country would refute is that our prison system is over-crowded and has been stretched in recent years to accommodate all the recent â€Å"criminals.† Along with all those which have committed true crimes against society such as murder and robbery, there are now citizens that have been found guilty of possession or di stribution of drugs. â€Å"In 2003, there were a record 755,186 marijuana arrests in the US – greater than the number of arrests for all violent crimes combined† (Miron). â€Å"In 1998, 65% of those were convicted of drug possession in state court and 71% of those convicted of drug trafficking were sentenced to incarceration† (Chin 10). Not only is being arrested and incarcerated for simple possession of marijuana a set-back in one’s life, but finding a decent job for an ex-con is very difficult (Rachels and Rachels). It is hard to believe that violent criminals and Marijuana dealers belong in the same facility; it is a waste of money to feed and clothe them. A popular philosophical argument for the legalization of drugs, such as marijuana, is that the Government does not have the right to tell us what we can and cannot put into our own bodies. Nowhere in the constitution does it state that all drugs should be illegal and should result in major fines or even jail time if one was caught in possession of the drug. In fact, it seems to be implied that people should be able to have the freedom to self medicate as they want to. From the utilitarian perspective, people tend to be happier when they have freedom, and the current drug laws reduce that feeling of freedom and happiness. Therefore, the government should not put restrictions on drug use (Rachels and Rachels). If someone were to make the choice to smoke cannabis, that would be their choice and doing so would not directly harm anyone else. After all, isn’t America the ‘Land of the Free’? Our country is filled with propagandists who warp the facts and percentages of drugs that they want to be illegal just so the drug seems more dangerous than it actually is. In fact, some people’s every day activities are proven to be more harmful than marijuana such as smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, obesity, having unprotected sex, and riding motorcycles (Rachels and Rachels). A popular argument prohibitionists use for this is that illegal drug use harms the user in a different way (Rachels and Rachels). However, all of these activities listed harm the user in some sort of way and isn’t that what really matters in the end? There are some people out there that truly believe (and try to convince others) that marijuana is a deadly substance when in reality there have been no deaths whatsoever from marijuana use (Herer). However, there are around 106,000 deaths from legal drugs that you can buy at any convenience store, including aspirin. Studies show that aspirin is responsible for anywhere from 108-1,000 deaths per year. Animal studies have shown that it is virtually impossible to overdose on marijuana (Hager). This has led scientists to conclude that â€Å"the ratio of the amount of cannabinoids necessary to get a person intoxicated (i.e., stoned) relative to the amount necessary to kill them is 1 to 40,000† (Hager). So in other words, in order to over dose on marijuana, someone would have to ingest 40,000 times however much one would have to smoke in order to get the â€Å"high† feeling. If legal drugs and every day activities pose a bigger threat on society than marijuana, then why is cannabis illegal while these things remain legal? Rather than criminalizing those who possess and sell marijuana, some have proposed a radical reversal in policy; that the government actually legalize marijuana and tax it. By allowing the illegal importation of drugs into the United States (a multi-billion dollar a year industry), we are allowing all of the profit to go to people who do not deserve it such as â€Å"criminals, killers, and dangerous organizations† (â€Å"The Economic Benefits†). â€Å"Legalizing marijuana in the US would save about $7.7 billion per year in enforcement costs, and it would generate between $2.4 and $6.2 billion in tax revenue, depending on whether pot was taxed normally or at the higher rate at which alcohol and tobacco and are now taxed† (Rachels and Rachels). All of this can be accomplished by simply repealing the prohibition laws in effect. Along with preventing prison over-population and creating another form of tax revenue, the legalization of marijuana could create a new and simpler class of analgesic, which by definition is a medicine used to relieve pain. In an experiment conducted at the University of California Davis, there were three different groups given three different substances. One was given 7% marijuana, the second was given 3.5% marijuana, and the last was the control group, which was given a placebo. The results showed that both the 3.5% group and the 7% group both experienced equal amounts of analgesic produced. While the people in the study did feel a type of high in using the marijuana as a medicinal aid, the fact that both levels used created an equal amount of analgesic means that there may be a way around the high feeling. Further testing might be a good idea to see if an even lower dose could still create an analgesic without the side effects of the ‘high’ feeling (â€Å"Journal of Pain†). The study also explains that marijuana does not tranquilize the pain, but helps to create an emotional distance from it. In other words the person can still feel the pain but just does not care as much as he or she normally would. Making marijuana a legalized drug would also mean that it would become a more controlled and regulated drug as well. However, one major concern of making marijuana a legalized substance is the possibility of young adults in society being exposed to it. While this is a valid argument against legalizing marijuana, people must realize that the fact that marijuana is currently illegal actually provides teens more opportunities to make money by selling it to their friends (â€Å"Top Ten Reasons†). However, making marijuana a legalized, controlled, and regulated substance would make it much harder for teens to get a hold of the drug. Miron expresses this fact, saying that â€Å"unlike drug dealers, licensed vendors would ensure that teens could not purchase marijuana, just as states that have implemented strict controls on underage tobacco purchases have seen sales of tobacco to minors fall dramatically† (Miron). A group of 12th grade high school students were asked how legalizing marijuana would affect them personally. 61% said they would not use the drug even if it were legal to buy and use. 15% stated they would use it as often as they do now, and 1.5% say they would use it less often. Only 5.5% say they would use it more often than they do currently while nine percent said they would try it. Though these percentages may seem like large numbers, it only amounts to around 14% (about one in seven) of the students surveyed who stated they would either try marijuana or increase their use if marijuana were to become legalized (Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, Schulenberg). Another problem with people having to resort to the black market for the purchase of cannabis is the danger that accompanies it. The illegal market that has been established because of the combination of the demand and illegality of marijuana brings much violence along with it. It is common for drug dealers at this day and age to carry around and use guns and knives as means of protection. This results in the possibility of something bad happening to the buyer or innocent bystanders. If cannabis were to become legalized and controlled, innocent people would not have to worry about the dangers that they are currently faced with in the purchasing of marijuana on the black market. This flawed policy should have been thrown out years ago like the failed Prohibition was in 1933, but societal propaganda and a more weary population has kept it securely in its place as one of the priorities of conservative Americans. Hopefully with time and a more intense barrage of facts and logic, this failed war can end and help usher in a new age of understanding and control over the substances we now outlaw. Until then the United States Government will continue to burn money and lock away undeserving citizens. Work Cited Barth Wilsey, Thomas Marcotte, Alexander Tsodikov, Jeanna Millman, Heather Bentley, Ben Gouaux and Scott Fishman. â€Å"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Cannabis Cigarettes in Neuropathic Pain.† The Journal of Pain. Web. 28 April 2010. Chin, Gabriel J. â€Å"Race, the War on Drugs, and the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction.† Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, Vol. 6, p. 253, 2002. University of Arizona. Web. 1 May 2010. Hager, Paul. â€Å"Marijuana Myths.† Web. 3 May 2010. Herer, Jack. â€Å"Hemp: Fuel Food Fiber Medicine Industry.† HempCar. Web. 3 May 2010. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). â€Å"Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2008: Volume I, Secondary School Students.† The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. PDF file. 30 April 2010. Miron, Jeffrey A. â€Å"The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition.† Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition in the United States. Mar 28, 2008. Web. 1 May 2010. Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Elements of Moral Philosophy. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. The Right Thing to Do. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2010. Print â€Å"The Economic Benefits of a Legal Regulated Marijuana Industry.† 2005. Web. 3 May 2010. â€Å"The Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should be Legal.† AlterNet. High Times. Web. 3 May 2010. â€Å"WeBeHigh: A Traveler’s Guide to Getting High.† Web. 2 May 2010.

Define The Concept Of Culture Essay

‘Culture’ is the ways in which a society lives. A culture may share the same religions, beliefs, values, class or status, a culture can dress in a certain way and act in a way that follows the norms of how their society carries out life and what they deem as acceptable, culture can shared by a large group of people or a smaller group within society. For example there are ‘subcultures’, a subculture is a small group which have different way of life opposed to the majority of society; they may dress, talk and act in a different way. An example of subculture is a religious group, being a part of a religion may mean that people that are part of it dress differently, and have different values and ideas on life and live in a different way to the majority in society. Another example of a culture is ‘popular culture’ this is a culture that involves a large majority, and is highly influenced by the media, for example football is a sport that is frequentl y covered by the media by television, radio, news etc. And is a popular sport with a large following; other examples of pop culture are: pop music, bingo and mainstream fashion. Pop culture has a variety of people from different backgrounds being part of the same thing called a common culture which is shared by the masses. ‘High culture’ is another example of a culture that is shared with people and their families from a ‘higher class’. People that are part of the high culture are wealthy and have an ascribed status or come from a family with an ascribed status, meaning that they or the head of the family worked towards their success/wealth. They take part in activities associated with upper class such as: polo, lacrosse, hunting, and watching arts such as operas, ballets, orchestras. High culture attempts not allow people who are not from the same class or have the same status as them to join in with their clubs and activities this is called ‘social closure’ but this is difficult as more people can achieve super rich lifestyles, buying their way into high culture that may of came from a low class background. Pop culture is known as ‘low culture’ as people from ‘high culture’ are meant to be higher compared to them in class and status, th erefore people from low culture would not be wanted in high culture activities.

Role of Nature in the Evolution of the Modern Cities

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW My thesis aims to research ; the importance of nature to an urbanite life the fast gait yet numbingly everyday life in this concrete jungle. There is no 1 definition to the relationship of adult male & A ; nature in the urban context of a metropolis and requires a multi-fold geographic expedition to get at any decision. My geographic expedition begins with a survey of the history and development of urban landscape vs. natural landscape in metropoliss. Followed by, research on the effectivity of bing agreements of the green alleviation pockets found in the metropolis and their relationship with urbanism in the metropolis. This forms the footing of research for future propositions made by critics and professionals, taking to any remarks that can be made on the relevancy of betterment and changes of the urban morphology. Through this layered researched, I aim to better understand the urban morphology in visible radiation of integrating of natural alleviation infinites into the urban lan dscape and its impact on the urbanites and their societal behaviors. 3.1 Role of Nature in the Development of the Modern Cities In the modern epoch of development ( 19Thursdayto 20Thursdaycentury ) , the growing of urbanisation [ 1 ] and the modern metropoliss has been a really rapid procedure. Contrary to the past where human homes have peacefully coexisted with nature [ 2 ] ( Refer to Figure 1 ) , late there has been a alteration of form. The new architectural layout of the human colonies is a web of cold concrete jungles with small concern for the function of nature in the urban landscape. Modern metropoliss came as an reply to the population growing after the industrial revolution [ 3 ] . Cities grew larger ; became the back bone of the economic system and following the motion of modernism, [ 4 ] came the changes in the life style of urban inhabitants. Exponential growing of building of high – rise edifices, modern places etc. replaced and destroyed the natural landscape, paving manner for more steel and concrete constitutions. This was the age of ‘man over nature’ [ 5 ] , where urban contrivers [ 6 ] followed the doctrine of generic forms, with no attending to localized environments and natural landscapes. Nature was a ductile entity, carved, flattened, relocated and unnaturally recreated to suit the demands of the built created by adult male. [ 7 ] Therefore, the construct of green alleviation infinites and the importance of natural landscape is either ; merely non considered, or an reconsideration, treated as sheer ornamentation to the edifices. Leaving the metropoliss, which house the larger Numberss of population [ 8 ] , with nil more than intimations of green infinites ; doing adult male to lose all connexions to his beginnings, i.e. nature, ‘ [ †¦ ] there were few who believed in the importance of nature in a man’s universe, few who would plan with nature’ [ 9 ] Karachi faired non really different from this general description of modern metropoliss. Furthermore, being the largest gross manufacturer and biggest of the few metropolitan metropoliss of Pakistan, it entertains a high inflow of rural-urban migration. [ 10 ] In order to suit the rampant enlargement in Numberss the metropolis is turning beyond bounds ( Figure 2 ) and destructing environing natural landscape in the procedure. [ 11 ] These surveies of the context of natural landscape within the urban landscape take me to research of how this current composing of the urban landscape impacts its user. 2.2 Urbanism ; Between the Urbanite and the Urban Landscape The first text under treatment ‘A Game on the Urban Experience and Limits of Perception’ , [ 12 ]apaper that uses the word drama to ‘ [ †¦ ] interpret the thought of sociableness and sensibility’ , [ 13 ] and foreground the ability of architecture to restrict human perceptual [ 14 ] interaction.It touches upon assorted subjects under the class of urban infinites of metropoliss, their architecture and their influence on people. The characteristic matching to my peculiar field of survey is the effort to understand how the architectural composing impacts the mundane life of the urban inhabitant. The research proposes usage of, new mapping techniques of Psychogeography [ 15 ] in the homesteader colony of Istanbul ( Pinar Mahalle ) , as they reflect the, ‘ [ †¦ ] Personal paths, finds, psychological distances, and looks [ †¦ ] ’ [ 16 ] of the participant under observation. This brought Forth two chief countries of focal point ; the eve ryday rhythm of mundane life experiences and the limited ‘multi-sensory perceptual experience in urban experience’ [ 17 ]Psychogeography, the hit of psychological science and geographics [ 18 ] is used as the method of resuscitating the urban experience of mundane life, in a mode that it arouses a sense of gaiety and consciousness within the participants, i.e. the users of the infinite. This playful enthusiasm gives manner to the, ‘Theory of Drive’ [ 19 ] which tests the geographical bounds restricting perceptual experience. [ 20 ] The dimensions of the boundaries of, ‘ [ †¦ ] societal attractive forces and emotional zones of the urban geography’ [ 21 ] need to be recognized so they may be extended to suit the participants.One dominant subject that stands out in the paper is the demand for intercession or adaptation of bing urban infinites to make more than merely a ocular experience, ‘Instead of mere vision, or the five classical se nses, architecture involves several kingdoms of centripetal experience which interact and fuse into each other.’ [ 22 ] This ability of architecture demands to be explored and integrated in design at the urban degree so within these crowded metropoliss some degree of interaction and familiarity may be developed.However, if these steps are non taken, people will stay stuck in a rut, detached from one another, losing out on common benefits and compromising on a complete multi -sensory perceptual experience of infinites.The 2nd short coming of the urban landscape highlighted by this paper is the cold, dead composing of the environment. The design format and layout is everyday, humdrum and lacks any signifier of alleviation infinite, ocular or physical. Therefore, the desperate demand of alteration in the bing format of these metropoliss is made apparent.Findingss of this paper are restricting in footings of contextual relevancy, nevertheless, twosome of statements discussed supr a are non far from the truth of Karachi’s cityscape. Furthermore, the methods employed for research can be carried frontward as portion of primary research techniques [ 23 ] .The paper besides highlights the function of architectural design and layout of the metropolis as a nucleus participant in the game, specifying the life style of the participants. Baig [ 24 ] , supports this statement by stating ; ‘It is non people entirely who generate the city’s ethos ; instead the inanimate objects, such as the urban landscape, besides contribute towards organizing the urban spirit.’ [ 25 ] The, ‘urban mizaaj’ ( i.e. urban landscape ) is dependent on the chances of life styles presented to the people by the, ‘inanimate objects’ [ 26 ] around them. The largest per centum of inanimate objects of any metropolis is edifices and their connexions i.e. architecture, thereby under the theory of Architectural Determinism, [ 27 ] built environment becomes the main dictator of societal behaviour and interactions. [ 28 ] After understanding the impact of the urban landscape on human life style, the following class efforts to research the relationship of the urbanite and the natural landscape ; in order to set up whether some of the spreads of the above discussed relationship can be filled through the add-on of natural landscape. 2.3 Relationship of the Urbanite and Nature As the modern metropoliss continue to come on towards a tech -savvy [ 29 ] hereafter the modern man’s isolation from nature continues. Our technophilia [ 30 ] and technophobia [ 31 ] , i.e. the love and fright of engineering thrusts us to want such a strong bid over engineering, that it becomes our slave. However, our increasing dependence on the technological promotions has reversed functions, and adult male has become a slave to engineering. Robert Thayer [ 32 ] , states that our love for engineering can be demonstrated by, ‘current residential landscape, dominated by house, private road and garage’ [ 33 ] along the broad roads built to promote the usage and easiness of cars. We so conceal behind a green facade and continue to populate through this heavy technological support system. [ 34 ] The consequence of this isolation is the happening of the term ‘solastalgia’ ; the hurting experienced when we withdraw from a natural topographic point we love and cherish [ 35 ] .Louv, in his books further argues the demand for interaction between adult male & A ; natural landscape and the effects of deficiency of this interaction. In his first book, ‘ Last Child in the Woods ’ [ 36 ] , he put frontward the disadvantages on the development of kids due to miss of exposure to, ‘Vitamin N’ ( N – Nature ) [ 37 ] , doing a syndrome of ‘Nature Deficit Disorder’ [ 38 ] . This is non a medical diagnosing but it is used to make consciousness of the damaging effects of this divide. These theories stemmed many out-of-door category room plans and incorporation of interaction with nature for kids has now become a more popular thought. [ 39 ] However, the impact of the book had a far more reaching impact than merely the restructuring or new experimental techniques of instruction ; it besides stimulated the nostalgia of many grownups. Adults either reminisced the memories of a different childhood, from that of their kids or related to the symptoms of the disaffection from nature. He farther supports his statement with simple illustrations such as, â€Å"Depressed people who were prescribed day-to-day out-of-door walks improved their tempers compared to patients walking in a promenade. Alzheimer patients exposed to natural light fluctuations experienced less agitation and wandering.† [ 40 ] The lack that Louv discusses in his plants highlights the importance of ‘Vitamin N’ , to heighten our physical and mental wellness. This construct can now be tied back to the treatment in the old subdivision of relationship between urbanites and the urban landscape. The defects in the urban landscape are holding a damaging consequence on the metropolis inhabitants and can be countered with the integrating of the natural landscape in the cityscape. Testing this statement farther, the following subdivision entails a survey of the connexions lost between adult male, nature and metropoliss ; if there is a demand to reconnect and how these connexions possibly made? 2.4 Man and Nature within the Urban LandscapeMy following text, ‘Design with Nature’ , [ 41 ] begins with a comparing of the metropolis and the countryside and the blunt differences between the two. When exhausted with the over overpowering metropolis one retreats to the soothing state side. However, every bit much as urbanites crave the alleviation found in the countryside they need the metropolis, whether for irresistible impulse of work or to carry through the demand to be portion of the fast gait life, therefore, they are drawn back to it. This reflects the divide in the feelings of adult male, torn between the roads taking to metropolis and countryside, coining the question of the writer of this book,‘It is my probe into a design with nature: the topographic point of nature in a adult male ‘s universe [ †¦ ] ’ [ 42 ]The writer writes from personal experience of holding grown up in the industrial old ages of Glasgow and foreground the pros and cons of the metropolis vs. the countryside. From the beginning, the book distinguishes the two poles ; nature vs. built, with adult male caught in the center. This brings frontward a really of import field of idea, â€Å" [ †¦ ] if we can make the humane metropolis, instead than the metropolis of bondage to labor, the pick of metropolis or countryside will be between to excellences, each indispensable, each different, both complementary, both life – enhancing, adult male in nature.† [ 43 ] This extract highlights the machinelike, cold character of a metropolis discussed in the first portion of this research and how an flight to the countryside is simply a patch solution. Therefore, it proves the demand of integrating of landscape within the urban context of the metropolis.Ian L. McHarg [ 44 ] categorizes the metropolis and landscape architecture into multiple chapters, giving a elaborate design methodological analysis of integrating nature in urban planning, its application and its demand for execution ; by exposing the connexions adult male finds within nature. Within these the more outstanding subdivision is of ‘The City ; Process and Form’ [ 45 ] , where the writer explores the relationship of the built environment with nature and how when the two are paired together they do non compromise their possible but instead heighten it. He speaks about how the morphology of human colonies should be moulded along the natural morphology. For illustration, when guidelines for step paces can be defined, there should be regulations against edifice on inundation fields. [ 46 ]‘We are going a land of great metropoliss. Villages are stationary or withdrawing ; metropoliss are tremendously increasing [ †¦ ] ’ [ 47 ]Similar to McHarg’s ideas on, ‘city of bondage to labor, the pick of metropolis or countryside’ [ 48 ] , Ebenezer Howard [ 49 ] at the beginning of his book,Garden Cities of To-morrow[ 50 ],ne gotiations about two magnets, the town and the state but in his analysis he proposed a simple remedy, ‘Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together, the two magnets must be made one’ [ 51 ] . Therefore, ensuing in the 3rd magnet the ‘Town – Country’ [ 52 ]Garden Cities of To-morrowgoes on to giving theoretical account programs ( Figure 4 ) and inside informations for a feasible system of town- state that developed with a cardinal park at its bosom. These thoughts and proposals were put away with the purpose to unite the best of both universes, bridging the spread of the rural with the industrial metropolis. [ 53 ]Critics consider Howard’s proposed system a instead Utopian solution to urban jobs, however, while the programs proposed may non be ideal, the thoughts can still be translated into new derivations.Bringing the research closer to place, to the metropolis of Karachi, research work refering unfastened green inf inites, vicinity Parkss, nature belts etc. is being done.‘Urban Open Green Spaces are an of import agent lending non merely to the sustainable development of metropoliss but are considered as one of the most critical constituents in keeping and heightening the quality of life particularly of urban communities’ [ 54 ]Muhammad Mashahid Anwar in his paper, ‘Recreational Opportunities and Services from Ecosystem Services Generated by Public Parks in Megacity Karachi-Pakistan’ [ 55 ] sheds an interesting visible radiation on people’s perceptual experience and positions on the assorted public green infinites of Karachi. Anwar carried out a study, with audiences of two changing income groups and vicinities, Defense Housing Authority and Gulberg Housing town. Consequences showed people’s purpose to utilize green public infinites, their willingness to pay if it ensures a clean good maintained environment and the most popular use of these public Parkss to be, nature grasp, light exercising such as walking and relaxation. The overall study proves people’s cognition about the topic and their concern for it, as bulk recognized its advantages of lower air temperatures, counter to air pollution, aesthetic sweetening, recreational end product etc. [ 56 ]The above texts study the urban scenes of metropoliss and the function of nature or the deficiency of nature in these metropoliss. Psychogeography aid find boundaries of sociableness of infinites and multi-sensory experience while ‘Design with Nature’ [ 57 ] and ‘Garden Cities of To-morrow’ [ 58 ] high spots the demand of the multi-sensory experience to feed off nature. Therefore, an convergence of these multiple beds can set forth a image of how Karachi’s urban signifier can integrate ‘nature’ intercessions, by redefining the urban landscape composing.

Portrayal of Guilt and Retribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portrayal of Guilt and Retribution - Essay Example Fantastic elements are added and metaphorically situated within the two stories to stray away from the sense of what is practical or what is practically considered to be "right" and the abundance of fantastic depictions, therefore, creating a conflict between the self and the society - thus drawing the connection with the Kantian philosophy of the State, justice and moral nature of man. Kant introduced the idea of "Categorical Imperative"1 and that morality is fundamentally a priori in nature and therefore it claims that one's moral choices are always good as it is grounded in Reason and it is never a matter of choice or personal taste and it universally seeks to be good and is a truth in itself. Thus the moral a priori truth that it holds all of us under the same universal law of good and bad becomes the apparatus of perception by which we define our acts and how we view guilt and retribution without regard to the relative context from which such immoral acts emerge. Thus, Michael K oolhaas' guilt exists even when he knows that he acted against a wrongdoing committed against him, who is the actual criminal. This case of denial of justice does not necessarily redeem Kohlhaans from his acts of wrongdoing and even he knows it. This classic idea of moral retribution can be further explained by the idea of morality and duty as proposed by Kant. Does the fantastic elements plan to create the effect of the sense of extreme (arousing the sense of impropriety within the reader itself, who otherwise would sympathize with Koolhaas') and monstrous betrayal, absurd extent of revenge taken, heavy assortment of passion and desire, and the complicated motifs of human actions that do not necessarily always have simple and reasonable explanations to them - the complicacy of the human mind, therefore, becomes the subject of this novella where the fight with morality is better portrayed by the use of such fantastic metaphors and symbols or events. Or does the over-explanations use d to play truth becomes fantastic to us' Does the restless energy of Kohlhaans' immoral acts and the restless energy that consume the plot of the story create a revenge that is so emphatic and complete that it almost creates a sense of improbability within us' Or does the emphasis on Marquis' innocence (supported by the bizarre reason of the Count being the father of her child) create a feeling of disbelief within us or our suspension of disbelief like that of the Colonel is only justified by the fantastic elements that invade the storytelling' A plot that emerges out of the consequences of the given situation only in Marquise Von O makes the story border on the fantastic Gothic elements that disregard the presence of the universal morality but rather portrays the subterranean forces of human immorality that are fantastically co-existent within us and how we are still capable of dealing with such truths too!  Ã‚  

Personal Development Plan Portfolio Report Essay

Personal Development Plan Portfolio Report - Essay Example The assessment includes reading, writing, and oral communication, alongside with team work, problem solving, personal effectiveness, numeracy, and information technology. The section in which I scored the lowest marks was oral communication. The section in which I scored the highest was personal effectiveness. The second diagnostic which is used was ‘Rough & Ready Reckoner’. This diagnostic was particularly interesting as it measured preference for one’s learning style. The diagnostic concluded that I am an activist who wants public appreciation and who is always looking for new and fresh experiences. This particular diagnostic also revealed a number of shortcomings of my personality which were scarily accurate. It showed that I am a risk taker however, these risks are often unwarranted. Other weaknesses like impulsiveness and lack of concentration were revealed from the diagnostic. The third diagnostic that helped me understand my learning needs was VAK self asse ssment. The diagnostic concluded that I prefer an auditory learning style. According to the diagnostic, I am more inclined to learn from listening to other people and using my auditory senses. I prefer learning from concentrating on what is being said rather than other learning through physical experience and visual learning. In accordance with the diagnostic, the first goal I have set for myself is to improve my oral communication skills. I have always encountered problems in expressing my point of view, and therefore the first goal I have set is to work on my verbal communication skills. This goal is also in line with the information I received from diagnostic test. Effective communication will help increase my chances of getting desirable employment opportunities in future because it is the most basic skill all employers are looking for in prospective employees (Bridgstock, 2009). This is why setting the goal of improving oral communication is justified. The second development go al that I have set is to negotiate and persuade other group members in the team. The diagnostics told me that I am an activist that is looking for appreciation. This sometimes leads me to give in to the opinions of other people even when I do not wholly agree with them. This is something which, I believe, is hindering development and, therefore, I have decided to set this development goal to improve my team working and group working skills. The third development goat that I have set is to improve my research skills while completing my academic assignments and reports. This goal will help me improve my academic performance to a great degree, and is expected to lead me to long term academic success (Kramer, 2002). The diagnostic informed me that I have difficulty in concentrating on one thing. This is why I have set this particular academic development goal. Progress Review The use of the three diagnostic methods mentioned above helped me a lot in understanding my strengths and weakne ss both at personal and academic level. These diagnostic tests revealed important information for me that helped me develop my development goals. The tests revealed that I lack good oral communication skills, which is why I am not able to express myself. The reality was bitter however, it helped me identify areas of improvement. With regards to team working skills, I thought I always had an edge because I really like working in teams. Diagnostic methods helped me understand that I like appreciation of people and this was the reason why I was a

Perception and Individual Decision-Making & Motivation Concepts Essay

Perception and Individual Decision-Making & Motivation Concepts - Essay Example Employee attitudes can be influenced by various issues and the worst among them is racial background. Racialism as a source of employee attitude leads to the development of negative attitudes among employees. Normally, the attitudes of employees of an organization affects the organization in various ways. First, it affects their own productivity, often without their awareness. Reisig and  Lovrichh (1998) explains that positive attitudes result to improved productivity and such employees are characterized by self-motivation, hard work, drive to achieve, good moods and happy faces to all. On the other hand, negative attitudes lead to reduced productivity both for individuals and teams, rudeness and even aggressiveness. Ray (2001) explains that employee attitudes can be very infectious. Within a short time, other employees can pick up negative attitudes from fellow workers and adopt them as their own. Team spirit is very important for the success of an organization and where group att itudes arise, they can either foster or frustrate this. A positive team attitude makes employees to want to works together for the good of the company whereas a negative attitude discourages team work. Employees of one race, tribe or any other dividing factor will not be willing to work together with their counterparts. One type of organization that can really be affected by poor attitudes among its staff is prison. Poor attitudes among correctional staff in a state prison could affect other aspects of that prison like its security, management of inmates, designing of teams for employee shifts and coexistence among inmates. The development of poor attitudes can lead to disunity among employees of different racial groups and as such, employees arrange themselves along racial lines when changing shifts and forming teams (Ray, 2001). This is so negative considering that at any one time, there might be no equal number of employees from different racial background. This means a group con taining a mixture of races will work in hatred and disunity. Some could even end up subordinating others. Hatred along racial lines could also spreads from staffs to the inmates where they form gangs whose loyalties are defined by race or ethnicity (Kane, 2001). This has the potential of causing detrimental effects on the prison for example, it can lead to gang violence, riots and physical altercations. Divisions along racial lines may also threaten the security of the prison and everybody else where prison staffs ignore unacceptable actions by done by inmates from their racial or ethnic backgrounds. This means that some individual inmates or group of inmates will have the freedom to oppress fellow inmates or smuggle things in and out of the prison. On the other hand, the other inmates will have little support whenever they voice their concerns. Poor attitudes among prison staff affects how inmates are treated in that some will conservative and hard-lined when dealing with inmates w hereas other will be less strict and liberal. The greatest level of disunity, disagreement and arguments is seen when such attitudes are displayed by employees from various ethnic, racial and gender backgrounds. Poor attitudes a