Project Report on Coffee Behaviour

Westminster International University in capital of Uzbek BSc in Economics with Finance 2012 2013 CW 1 (Element 2) Group concluding Report CW 1 (Element 2) Group Final Report To be finish by the student Students ID enumerate 00001477, 00001568, 00002099, 00001506 Module account seek Methods Module code 2UZB503 Tutor Lobar Mukhamedova Individual appointee Group assignment Submission deadline 04. 04. 2013 For Academic Registrar physical exertion still Contents Abstract3 Introduction3 Literature appraise3 burnt umber and check4 umber and Smoking cessation5 cocoa berry bean bean and inebriant5 hot chocolate and corporal action at law6 Coffee and Income6 Conclusion6 Research question7 Research objectives7 Methodology7 Research draw close and design7 Research setting8 count universe and attempt8 Data Collection9 Data order of battle agent9 Data collection procedure9 reliableness and severity10 Reliability10 Validity10 Ethical con lookrations10 Conclusion10 Dat a11 Estimation and Results14 Conclusion and Recommendations16 Bibliography17 Appendix 119 Questionnaire instructions. 19 Instructions on how to have sex the questionnaire19 Coffee questionnaire20 Personal nurture20 AbstractThe fol wretcheding topic discusses the main determinants of cocoa use of goods and services at Westminster International University in Tashkent. Determinants such(prenominal)(prenominal) as income of respondent, ethnicity, religion, fume habits and different performers argon investigated. Data was imperturbable using online orders of subject atomic figure of speech 18aing and self-administ browsed questionnaires. Results proved to be signifi quite a littlet and revealed a negative correlation amid java berry bean purpose, active life style and marital place. In blood line, controlling correlation mingled with burnt umber role income and long time was found. Other factors as locoweed, religion, breeding years proved to be in pro bative.Introduction Being the third virtu completely toldy consumed beverage in the world aft(prenominal) water and tea, java is set for its distinct aroma, flavor and energizing issuance. Found in Ethiopia in the 9th century, coffee first became popular in the Arab world, was then promoted in europium and thus developed into champion of the or so traded commodities in the world(John K. Francis, 2007). World annual per capita outlay was equal to 1. 3 kg/person in 2011. America and Europe argon the largest coffee consumers on per capita basis, accounting for 3. 9 and 3. 7 kg/person maintainively, in comparison to Asian countries where the median(a) constituted 0. kg/person (World Resources Institute, 2011). Nevertheless, the western coffee use of goods and services habits are slowly start to spread in Asia, especially in Uzbekistan, where coffee is considered as a fashionable hot drink rather than an everyday necessity. The usage of 2 instant and insoluble coffeein Uzbekistan is especial(a) to urban areas and is generally increasing on base with the rising living timeworns (Euromonitor, 2011). Further frequently, the rising number of coffee shops and the popularity of coffee houses such as Cafe Jum, Julius Meinl, Book Cafe, KafeKafe and Coffee Clubare good indicators of the growing popularity of coffee.Literature Review Evidence from various studies account that living receiveds are non the wholly determinant of coffee outlay way. Smoking, skunk cessation, intoxi squeeze outtic drink, age, gender, aim of tangible bodily function and income also play a sufficient role in ones using up patterns. In their comprehensive enquiry on coffee and associated modus vivendi factors published in 2010 Hewlett and Wadsworth visited a link mingled with caffeinated drink aspiration, pot and inebriant. The purposes revealed that those alcohol addiction coffee were more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in all probability to be smok ers senile in the midst of 30 and 70.A nonher come off on coffee consumption behavior in Karnataka, India published in 2008 by Varun indicated a dogmatic correlation between education, family coat and income on coffee demand in urban areas, whereas in the homespun areas, the harm was the main determinant influencing consumption. The rule for the linkage of the determinants and coffee consumption is reviewedand discussed belowbased on a wide chemical chain of investigatees and disciplines. The studies concerning coffee consumption behaviorwere obtained from EBSCO, JStor, Emerald and Google Scholar teachingbases.Those questiones included in the literature review are published in slope, report coffee consumption behavior show correlation with at least approximately of the life-style factors and tender a detailed review of the employ methodology and statistical depth psychology. Coffee and Smoking Seven studies concluded that lavishly cigarette consumption among l asting smokers is linked to higher(prenominal)coffee consumption. The investigation on coffee consumption patterns among army force-out byZavela et al. (1990) revealed a validatory correlation between female cigarette and alcohol consumption and male cigarette and coffee consumption.Furthermore, the interrogationers identified that non-smokers tend to be abstemious to coffee and alcohol consumption. In contrast, Koksal et al. (2011) in their pseudo-panel outline of US household information came to the conclusion that that coffee consumption and consumption of cigarettes and alcohol are non cor link referable to the statistical insignificance of the cross price elasticities of coffee. However,even though there is no serial complementary relation in the observed population, the authors do non exclude the possibility that coffee and cigarettes are complements for some individuals. Studies by Salazar et al. and Garcia et al. hat analyzed the responses from about 120000 participa nts some(prenominal), verbalise that more than 50% of female smokers drank at least 6 cups of coffeeper day, whereas whole 30% of consume men consumed at least 6 cups of coffee on a daily basis. Digging even further into the research of the relation of smoking and coffee, Klesges et al. handleed a large epidemiologic field of force with more than 7500 respondents. The researchers labeled those consuming from one to four cigarettes per day as coruscation smokers, those smoking from five to twenty cigarettes as moderate smokers and those smoking at least twenty one cigarettes per day as heavy smokers.Further analysis revealed that light and moderate smokers where 2. 34 and 2. 84 times more believably to drink coffee than non-smokers, whereas heavy smokers where 4. 23 times more liable(predicate) to be coffee consumers. The comparison of the student prototype with the general everyday take in by Brice et al. illustrated that smokers in both tests were likely to drink more coffee in comparison to non-smokers. In the student sample (121 respondent) smokers on average consumed 76 mg more caffeine than their fellow non-smokers. In the general public sample (122 respondent) smokers consumed 92 mg more than non-smokers.The legal age of the academic papers revealed a commanding correlation between smoking and coffee consumption (except the Koksal et al. battleground). However, some of the mentioned above studies exponent be a subject to prejudice as most of the respondents were asked to self-report coffee consumption and smoking habits. Furthermore, studies by Zavela et al. and Brice et al. had small samples that did not completely represent the whole population and may therefore also be addressed as prejudice at some point. Nevertheless, despite the presented results, no(prenominal) of the researches, except for Benowitz et al. 2003) addressed the veridical reason for the coffee/smoking relation. According to the researchers smokers prefer coffee callable to the fact that smoking add-ons caffeine metabolism and coffee contains the highest its highest dose among all other beverages. In order to confirm the compulsive correlation between the amount of cigarettes smoked and coffee consumed it is important to research the reverse side of the relation. Do those people that inject smoking consume less coffee? Coffee and Smoking cessation Several studies review the relation between smoking cessation and coffee consumption andall of them reveal a positive correlation.A cross- component partal study by Fernandez et al. described a gist sample of 2621 respondents and found that lower coffee consumption was associated with quitting smoking. However, the results tycoon be effect-modified as the wellness reasons for quitting where not taken into consideration during info collection. The research on smoking relapse conducted by Krall et al. revealed that people who quit smoking just now if where drinking at least 6 cups of coffee daily where 2. 33 times more likely to start smoking again. A standardized study of 116 men by Kauffman et al. eviewed that those who dont drink a lot of coffee where 12 times more likely to quit smoking successfully. Furthermore, education and age where identified as the factors positively bear on smoking cessation and where adjusted in order to make the effect of coffee consumption clearer. Coffee and alcohol Correlations between coffee consumption and alcohol consumption are mostly explained by ones attitude towards health. Therefore, ordinarily alcohol drinkers are less concerned by their health and on average consume more coffee than non-drinkers.Researches by Talcott et al. and Stevenson et al. prove this instruction as according to their findings, alcohol drinkers were 1. 52 times more likely to drink coffee. Schwarz et al. investigated even further and researched the relation between different alcohol drinks with coffee and tea consumption in a sample of 2400 respondents aged from twenty five to sixty four. The findings of the authors revealed that among beer, booze and other beverages only wine had a positive correlation with coffee consumption. Again the above studies induct some limitations as some of them o not reveal the health conditions of the respondents. As mentioned above health is a serious determinant that can affect both alcohol intake and coffee consumption. Furthermore, self-administered means of accumulate information were utilise. Therefore, the collected information might be prone to bias. Coffee and corporal activity The majority of the reviewed surveys associated high coffee consumption with low physical activity. According to the research by Hewlett et al. less coffee consumption was associated with being noveler and a less than healthy lifestyle. Thune et al. onducted a survey with more than 10000 respondents that indicated that both males and females with sedentary jobs consumed more coffee than those that were physical ly more active. Therefore, coffee consumption may be associated with less unfilled time activities and a sedentary job. It is important to mention the unravel of Mosdol et al. that researched how the changes in coffee consumption affected ones physical activity. The respondents were placed in ternion roots by coffee consumption. The first group didnt drink coffee at all, the second consumed 1 to 3 cups per day and the third group drank at least 4 cups.Furthermore, 3 physical activity direct groups were established. The results revealed that those participants that increased the amount of cups consumed per day were less likely to do physical exercise. Therefore, the higher is the coffee intake, the less physically active an individual is. From the methodological point of view, the limitations of the mentioned above surveys where again connected to the fact that mostly the participants were asked to self-report their levels of physical activity and coffee consumption. Furthermore , the studies researched the relation between the ii variables at a single point of time.All of the limitations combined make it securely to identify the factual connection between coffee consumption and physical activity. Coffee and Income It is clear that the relation between coffee consumption and income varies from region to region. Therefore, coffee consumption in some states comprises a significantly lower proportion of total consumption in comparison with other countries. Hewlett et al. (1990) identified that the income elasticity is positive and less than one for all of the goods investigated (coffee, tea, alcohol). Interestingly, the study by Varun et al. evealed that urban households buy a larger amount of coffee and tea in contrast to clownish households. Furthermore, total family income plays a more significant role in consumer decisions in urban areas, whereas family size was the major factor in rural areas. Conclusion Based on the reviewed literature most importa nt coffee consumption determinants were identified. Therefore, a significant correlation between smoking and coffee consumption was found. Additional research revealed that smokers on average consume more than non-smokers and those who quit smoking.Furthermore, the probability of smoking relapse was higher for those ex-smokers that consumed a higher amount of caffeine. The biological relation between coffee metabolism and smoking was recognized as one of the factors to explain the correlation. Coffee consumption and alcohol intake were linked to an individuals personal healthcare choices. Therefore, high consumption of alcohol was correlated with an unhealthy lifestyle and consequently, with a higher consumption of coffee. Unhealthy lifestyle was also proved to be the factor relating coffee intake with lower physical activity.Income and coffee consumption were turn up to change from region to region, with people in urban areas with higher incomes drinking more coffee in comparison with the people in rural areas. Most importantly, a research cleft was found. As can be seen from the above review, none of the researchers investigated coffee consumption patterns in Uzbekistan and almost none of them investigated university students coffee consumption behavior. Therefore, it is important to fulfill this gap and conduct a survey of coffee consumption patterns among students in Uzbekistan.However, due to the scarcity of resources this research give focus on the coffee consumption determinants in Westminster International University in Tashkent (WIUT). Research question What are the main coffee consumption determinants for the students of the Westminster International University in Tashkent? Research objectives * To identify the main factors affecting coffee consumption behavior of WIUT students * To disc everywhere whether the findings about the positive relation between smoking and coffee consumption are applicable to WIUT tudents * To interpret the discovered re lations between primaeval determinants and coffee consumption Methodology Research entree and design During the research a valued fire was implemented. Given (2008) describes a quantitative research as an empirical investigation of a social phenomenon by the use of statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Usually a quantitative approach is applied when it is necessary to statistically describe and test relations between certain variables and examine cause effect relations.A descriptive (correlational) survey was use to collect immemorial selective information to describe the population. The descriptive survey interprets the relationships among a set of variables to develop trends and patterns in the data. Variables in this kind of a survey are not manipulated and are studied as they occur. The survey obtains data from a population sample by means of self-report, when participants respond to a number of questions identified by the researcher. In the current researc h, information was gather by the use of self-administered questionnaires distributed online and individually for each participant.A descriptive quantitative approach was applied because it helps to identify the causes of the interrelations in the variables. The main advantage of the employed approach is precision that is achieved through reliable quantitative measurement, when the collected data is not manipulated. However, there are some limitations due to the objectivity of self-reports, as respondents may provide the researcher with unauthentic information that is not accurate. Research settingThe study was conducted at the Westminster International University in Tashkent that is located in the exceedingly dense urban area in the center of the capital of Uzbekistan. most 1700 students and 90 teachers attend the university. The majority of the students are locals aged from 17 to 25, most of which are a registered in the Facebook social network. Study population and sample A pop ulation is a set of all the elements that come at heart the study sample criteria. The sample frame consisted of young adults aged 17 to 23 that are full-time bachelors degree students who study on levels 3, 4, 5 or 6 of the university.Masters degree students and teachers were not included in the frame as they represent an older age group that does not fit into the aim of the research to study consumption patterns among students. Due to the want of time, resources and the impossibility of implementation, the census approach, when data is collected from everyone in the population,was excluded from the research. Instead, the simplex stochastic sampling approach was applied. Under this approach the sample is collected by randomly choosing the respondents from the sampling frame.The simple random sampling approach was used because the research sample size was equal to ccc, the sample frame was easily accessible via the computer database, and interactions with the respondents were n ot an issue. The sample size decisions were based on a 95% confidence level that the data represents the characteristics of the whole population and the 3-5% accep remand margin of error that expresses the amount of random sampling error in the results. According to the optimal sample size calculations and the table adapted from Saunders et al. (2003, p. 56) and assuming a 100% response rate the optimal sample size was identified to be equal to 300. The collected sample was compared with the student statistics from the university and was provento represent the characteristics of the university population. Data Collection Data collection instrument A self-administered questionnaire was chosen as the data collection instrument for the research. A typical questionnaire is ordinarily a mean of collecting primary data and consists of a series of questions that are aimed at gathering information from the respondents.The decision to apply questionnaires as a data gathering irradiation wa s do largely due to the following factors * High response rate as the questionnaires were distributed online via social networks and distributed to the respondents to complete and were consequently collected personally by the researcher * Less time and resources to administer, as all of the online replies where automatically monitored and both online and manual responses wereprocessed by computer software * Anonymity, as the respondents personal identification details (e. g. ame, student ID, etc) were not required * Less prone to bias as they were presented in a consistent manner * Most of the questions were closed, which made further statistical analysis easier However, the main disadvantage from the self-administered questionnaire is that it might not reflect the true state of the respondent and valuable information might be lost as the answers are commonly brief. The questionnaire was conducted in English and consisted of two sections. Section 1 was aimed at getting demographi c data such as age, gender, education years, religion, etc.Section 2 mostly consisted of closed questions and was aimed at determining ones coffee consumption habits and related information. The examples of the questionnaire with instructions on how to complete it areprovided in Appendix 1. Data collection procedure The questionnaires were distributed in two ways * Via social networks such as Facebook and Odnoklassniki * Personally to respondents at the university In order to forfend resemblance in the online and manual responses, the sample was split up into two groups by study level.Therefore, the first group, consisting of level 5 and level 6 students was questioned online, whereas the level 3 and 4 students were asked to fill manual questionnaires. The data was collected in a one month period. Reliability and hardihood Reliability Reliability is a measure of consistency with which an instrument, in the reference of the current research a questionnaire measures the attributes it was designed to measure. Therefore, a questionnaire may be assumed to be reliable if it will give the same results when applied to the same group of people.The questionnaire was firstly pretested on a group of 50 people that answered the questionnaire twice in different environments, the results revealed consistency in responses. The two sets of responses can were compared statistically using weighted Kappafor categorical data and Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient for continuous data. However, it is important to minimize measurement errors related to reliability. Hence, data collector bias was reduced by allocating two researchers to be the only ones to manage the questionnaire.The environment where data was gathered was made contented by ensuring silence, privacy and confidentiality for the respondents. Validity In contrast to reliability hardness is a measure of how a questionnaire is employed and refers the extent to which the questionnaire represents studied variables . In order to ensure validity, the questionnaire was based on the review of literature. In addition, all questionnaires distributed manually were delivered by the appointed administering researchers.Furthermore, the questions were formulated in a simple language to assure clarity, guidelines were provided in order to ensure the ease of apprehensiveness the questions. The manual questionnaires were completed in the presence of the researchers to make sure that the questionnaires were not filled by third parties. However, it was hard to administer this aspect of the online questionnaire as the researchers were unable to monitor the process of filling. Ethical considerations In order to shelter the human rights of the respondents, ethical aspects of the research were taken into consideration.Therefore, before handling in the questionnaire the researchers informed the participants about the aims of the study. Anonymity and confidentiality were hold, as the personal information of the respondents was not disclosed, and the collected information was kept confidential. Self-determination was sustained by providing the respondents with a choice on whether to participate in the research or not. scientific honesty, being an important ethical part of the research was also maintained as the researchers and analysts did not manipulate, change or alter the collected data.Conclusion The research implemented a descriptive, quantitative approach. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 300 respondents on the territory of the Westminster International University in Tashkent. The sample included young adults aged 17 to 23 studying on the levels 3,4,5 and 6 of the university. Reliability, validity and ethical considerations were taken into account while administering the research. Data Descriptive statistics and results are shown in conception 1. Variable Observations Mean Std. Dev. Min Max ID 297 149 85. 8073 1 297 age 297 20. 60269 3. 388 732 16 40 gender 297 . 5454545 . 49877 0 1 marital 297 . 0909091 . 287965 0 1 ethnicity 297 . 8855219 . 3189284 0 1 religion 296 . 9054054 . 2931498 0 1 city 296 . 7668919 . 4235265 0 1 educyears 296 13. 93581 2. 639838 4 45 Montly Income 195 575451. 3 1027561 0 1. 00e+07 Work 294 . 452381 . 4985759 0 1 Smoke 297 . 2255892 . 4186752 0 1 shimmer 296 . 7466216 . 4356823 0 1 Drinking Coffee 297 . 8114478 . 3918127 0 1 Coffee consumption 283 27. 9929 34. 79035 0 225 Price Coffee 266 3449. 286 4854. 957 0 18000 prevail 296 . 5067568 . 500801 0 1 Morning 296 . 5236486 . 5002862 0 1 Food 296 . 5101351 . 5007438 0 1 Winter 294 . 5816327 . 4941322 0 1 Comp whatever 296 . 5236486 . 5002862 0 1 ln Income 131 13. 26666 . 8222373 11. 51293 16. 1181 LN Coffee 259 2. 844612 1. 142757 0 5. 416101 LN Price 242 7. 805468 . 9738078 2. 302585 11. 0021 symbol 1 The sample collected was used with the help of the STATA statistical and econometrical tool.Qualitative data represen ting dummy variables as religion, ethnicity, employment status, smoking habits, run around, marital status and all other vectors of dummy variables were transformed to quantitative data. The list of dummy variables and their quantitative meaning is represented in propose 2. Variable Observations Represented as 1 Represented as 0 gender 297 Male Female marital 297 Married Single/ leave behind ethnicity 297 Asian Other religion 296 Muslim Other city 296 Tashkent Other Work 294 Employed Unemployed Smoke 297 Smoker Non-smoker divert 296 Sport Non-sport Drinking Coffee 297 Coffee Drinker Non-coffee drinker Weather 296 Weather Influence Weather doesnt knead Morning 296 Morning hours preffered No preference over time Food 296 Coffee consumed with food No preference regarding food Winter 294 Winter time preffered No preferene over time augur 2 As descriptive statistics show, the sample number was decreased to 297 due to the exclusion of some answers with irrelevant an d unreal results, i. e. , those surveys that were fuck up by openhanded extraordinary high levels of coffee consumption or income.Mean income of a WIUT students was estimated to be 575451 UZS with the standard deviation of 1072000 UZS to both sides. Again, such a big dispersion indicates low reliability of the data that will be discussed further. The composition of the sample regarding gender, as well as with respect to age grouping and ethnicity is shown in Figures 3 to 8. Figure 4. Employment positioning Figure 4. Employment Status Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 3. Gender Distribution Figure 6. Religion Figure 6. Religion Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 5. Smoking habits Figure 8. time distribution Figure 8. Age distribution Figure 7. Active life style Figure 7.Active Lifestyle Estimation and Results Estimations were found using the method of weighted least squares and finding corresponding coefficients for respective variables. In order to eliminate the bother of het eroscedascity, plenteous method of weighted least squares instead ordinary least squares method was applied. Nevertheless, in order to show the exit between ordinary least squares and weighted least squares methods both mannequins were used in the results section. In simple regression 1 Ordinary Least Squares Method was employed, while regression 2 used the Weighted Least Squares Robust method to avoid the problem of heteroscedascity.Furthermore, due to the existence of zero- white plagues problem in some cases and not giving accurate information regarding income of students all income information was respectively changed to logarithmic scale. Moreover, since coffee consumption is discrete, it was also changed to logarithmic scale in order to avoid zero expenditure problems during estimation. Therefore, the final model of weighted least squares model can be shown by the following function. lncoffee= ? +? logincome+jik+? where k is the j number of dummy variables such as city, e thnicity, education, gender, employment status, smokers and other variables described before.As it was give tongue to usage of the logarithmic scale helps to avoid the issues associated with zero expenditure. Results. The following table shows estimates for both models using Weighted Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares (Robust) methods. The inconsistency between two model is not cardinal. The most obvious difference is in the estimations of standard error, since usage of the robust method gives smaller standard errors. Results found a vivid relationship between active lifestyle (sport) and drinking coffee. People who do sports tend to consume less coffee than those leading a less active lifestyle.Furthermore, estimations revealed an interesting correlation for those individuals that are single. In this case, as it was said earlier dummy variable 1 represents a married person. Negative coefficient for marital status indicates that on average married people consume less coffee than singles or widows. In this case the reference group was singles and both coefficients were significant at 99% confidence level, rejecting null hypothesis that marital status and sport activities do not relate to coffee consumption among students of WIUT. Regression 1 Regression 2 coef se coef seAge 0,039 0,027 0,039* 0,022 Gender(1/0) -0,102 0,205 -0,102 0,218 married status (1/0) -0,894*** 0,319 -0,894*** 0,269 Ethnicity 0,163 0,294 0,163 0,252 Religion 0,117 0,336 0,117 0,253 City where you were born -0,263 0,219 -0,263 0,209 commandment years (school+ gym +university) -0,007 0,042 -0,007 0,047 Do you have a part-time or full-time work? 0,263 0,190 0,263 0,224 Do you smoke? 0,158 0,244 0,158 0,238 Do you do sport? -0,611*** 0,207 -0,611*** 0,198 Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? 0,170 0,186 0,170 0,203 Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (700 to 1100) or in all other t 0,159 0,198 0,159 0,234 Do you usually drink coffee with food/ bite? 0,212 0,175 0,212 0,180 Do you drink more coffee during winter or any other period? -0,239 0,207 -0,239 0,234 logincome 0,230* 0,121 0,230* 0,122 _cons -0,730 1,539 -0,730 1,551 Number of observations 119 119 Adjusted R2 0,136 0,136 note *** p0. 01, ** p0. 05, * p0. 1 With a smaller confidence level, the importance of income was proved.In this case, positive coefficient of logincome with respect to logcoffee indicates that increase in income tend to result in an increase in coffee consumption. Furthermore, application of logarithmic scale as it was mentioned earlier, helped to avoid zero-expenditure problems, however shrank the available size of the sample down from 297 to 119. This occurred due to the responses of the participants who didnt give correct responses on the income questions. Interestingly enough, results for age were important at 90% confidence interval while applying the robust method of standard error calculation.All other dummy variables including weather, cons umption of coffee with snack, employment status, city, religion are concluded to be insignificant. Conclusion and Recommendations As estimations have indicated some significant results were obtained particularly concerning the research proposal in determination of coffee consumption behavior at WIUT. Mainly, the importance of income and marital status, with sedentary lifestyle proved that WIUT students coffee consumption pattern and addictions were quite similar to those revealed in the study by Zavela.The difference and usefulness of the results all the same might not be as good as it might have been in the case of a broader and better collected sample. head start of all, collection of data not via survey, but corresponding actual expending on coffee and finding out total monthly expenditure would have been untold more appropriate for the analysis. In that case, reliability of the data would be guaranteed and more precise results might be obtained. Also, quite limited and more or less similar population of WIUT population cant be interpreted as proxy for any Uzbekistan university students, or even for Tashkent city students.In order for the sample to be more representative data from each university should be collected using not a self-administered survey, but more fundamental methods. However, considering high cost and the lack of time, sufficient data collection might be a hard problem. Bibliography - Brice C. F. and Smith A. P. (2002). Factors associated with caffeine consumption. International journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 53, 55-64. Current oecumenic Annual Coffee Consumption per capita. (n. d. ). ChartsBin. com Visualize your data. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http//chartsbin. om/view/581 Fernandez E. , Vecchia C. L. , Avanzo B. D. , Braga C. , Negri E. and Franceschi S. (1997). Quitting smoking in Northern Italy A cross-sectional analysis of 2621 subjects. European ledger of Epidemiology, 13, 267-273. Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage enc yclopedia of qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, Calif. Sage Publications. - Hewlett, P. , & Wadsworth, E. (2013). afternoon tea, coffee and associated lifestyle factors. British Food Journal,114(3), 416-427. - John K. Francis. Coffeaarabica L. RUBIACEAE.Factsheet of U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved 2007-07-27. - Kauffman R. M. , Ferketich A. K. , clear A. G. , Shultz J. M. , Kuun P. and Wewers M. E. (2008). Factors associated with smokeless tobacco cessation in an Appalachian population. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 821-830. - Klesges R. C. , atomic number 75 J. W. and Klesges L. M. (1994). Caffeinated coffee and tea intake and its relationship to cigarette smoking An analysis of the second national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES II).Journal of centerfield Abuse, 6, 407-418. Koksal, A. , Wohlgenant, M. (2011). RATIONALLY ADDICTED TO CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL AND COFFEE? A PSEUDO card APPROACH . Department of Agricultural and Resource Ec onomics, North Carolina State University,1, 1-21. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstention findings from the VA normative maturement study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. Krall E. A. , Garvey A. J. and Garcia R. I. (2002). Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence findings from the VA normative aging study.Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 95-100. - Matter, S. (n. d. ). Coffee in Uzbekistan. Global grocery store Research and Analysis for Industries, Countries, and Consumers. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http//www. euromonitor. com/coffee-in-uzbekistan/report Mosdol A. , Christenseen B. , Retterstol L. and Thelle D. S. (2002). Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. British Journal of Nutrition, 87, 261-266. Salazar-Martinez E. , Willett W. C. , Ascherio A. Manson J. E. , Leitzmann M. F. , Stampfer M. J. and Hu F. B. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140, 1-8. Saunders, M. (2003). Research methods for business students. Harlow, England New York Prentice Hall. Schwarz B. , Bischof H. P. and Kunze M. (1994). Coffee, Tea and Lifestyle. Preventive Medicine, 23, 377-384 Stevenson J. S. and Masters J. A. (2005). Predictors misuse and abuse in older women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 329-335. Talcott G. W. , Poston W. S. C. II and Haddock C. K. (1998).Co-occurrent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine in a retired military population. Military Medicine, 163, 133-138. Thune I. , Njolstad I. , Lochen M. L. and Forde O. H. (1998). Physical activity improves the metabolic risk profiles in men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 1633-1640. - VARUN, T. (2008). CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR OF COFFEE AND tea leaf IN KARNATAKA. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences,1, 1-95. Appendix 1 Questionnaire instructions. For the researchers when intr oducing the survey to the respondents good Mr/Ms __________As a part of our coursework on Research Methods, we were assigned to conduct a research on coffee consumption among students in WIUT. As part of the research we composed a questionnaire in order to identify your coffee consumption patterns. The questionnaire is anonymous and confidential. No personal information is required. Could you occupy take your time and answer the questions 1 to 16? Instructions on how to complete the questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay attention to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions.In the education years line please fill in the years you dog-tired at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately. Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Coffee questionnaire The questionnaire is confidential. No name or ID is required. Please fill in the personal information box first. Pay attention to the guidelines in the brackets after the questions. In the education years line please fill in the years you spent at school, lyceum or university either combined or separately.Yes/No questions have an additional field for commentaries. Fill in the comments section only if you have any additional information to share. Personal information Age Gender (Male/Female) Marital status (Married/Single) Ethnicity Religion City where you were born Education years (school+ lyceum +university) Monthly income (in UZS) Criteria Yes/No Comments 1 Do you have a part-time or full-time work? Yes No 2 Do you smoke? Yes No 3 Do you do sport? Yes No 4 Do you drink coffee? YesNo 5 How much coffee do you consume per month? (in cups) 6 How much do you usually remuneration for a cup of coffee? (UZS per cup) 7 How much are you voluntary to pay for a cup of coffee? ( UZS per cup) 8 Does weather influence your decision to drink coffee? Yes No 9 Do you prefer to drink coffee in morning hours (700 to 1100) or in any other time? ( Yes for morning hours, No for any other) Yes No 10 Other than coffee, which hot/cold beverages do you regularly purchase? 11 How much do you usually pay for a cup of tea? UZS per cup) 12 How much are you willing to pay for a cup of tea? (UZS per cup) 13 Do you usually drink coffee with food/snack? (Yes if you do, No if you dont) Yes No 14 Do you drink coffee during winter or any other period? (Yes for Winter, No for other) Yes No 15 Do you usually drink coffee while you are with friends/company or unaccompanied? (Yes with friends/company, No alone) Yes No 16 Do you prefer university coffee or any other coffee outside? ( Yes for university, No for outside) Yes No any(prenominal) other comments